Act One Of Othello Essay -- essays research papers

What Is Shakespeare’s Achievement In Act I Of Othello? Shakespeare’s own personal aim was not to write a social and political reflection of his era, as many contemporary readers believe, it was; purely and simply, to entertain his audience. This does not mean that there can be no social and political reflections within Othello, it means that the reflections are there, not for the sake of social and political commentary, but for the sake of entertainment and pleasure. Aristotle explained in â€Å"Poetics† that the audience’s pleasure consists not merely in observing the play, but criticizing, evaluating and making comparisons. These activities produce pleasure, thus it is not a mindless pleasure. There must be intellectual and emotional engagement on the spectator’s part. According to Aristotle, to stimulate the intellectual engagement of the audience and thus create this pleasure in the spectator, a masterful piece of art or literature must contain a degree of ambiguity in its ideas. This is the reason for the social commentaries that Shakespeare includes in his work: The play commences with two characters apparently arguing over money. Shakespeare immediately sets the mood of conflict for the remainder of the play, it is important because the reader at the outset is given a choice; who to believe and who is right. Shakespeare instantly sets about creating the mood of ambiguity which will result in the reader contemplating and analyzing the situation in hand. This will, according to Aristotle, create pleasure for the audience. As with all Shakespeare’s plays, Othello is written (for the very vast majority) in a form of verse and with a definite rhythm. This helps the general flow of the text, and when the rhythm is broken, we are alerted to a significant event or to a particular trait in a character. When Iago tries to insult and animalize the â€Å"Barbary horse† Othello, to Brabantio (line 108), verse reverts to prose and we are alerted to the evils behind Iago’s deeds. Shakespeare, so far, is strictly adhering to Aristotle’s guidelines and certainly understands â€Å"the essential qualities of art itself†. In â€Å"Poetics† it is explained that â€Å"language into which enter rhythm, harmony and song† will create â€Å"each kind of artistic ornament† necessary to â€Å"imitate an action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude† (Aristotle’s description of tragedy). In the... ...r and battle against the Turks, and heeds Othello to prepare to depart for Cyprus. Brabantio, before his depature, turns to Othello and warns him against trusting Desdemona, for she has â€Å"deceived her father† and may thee†. The subconscious seeds of mistrust have been planted in Othello’s mind by Brabantio, this is dramatic irony and warns the audience that the future of the marriage will not be as smooth as the naà ¯ve lovers expect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the act finishes with the almost satanic Iago warning of his deception to come, he shows us that the â€Å"Barbarian and a super-subtle Venetian† will not live calmly. If the audience is in any doubt as to Iago’s feelings for the Moor, he explains â€Å"I hate the Moor†. He goes on to outhline the plan of â€Å"double knavery† that he shall use to split the lovers in an act of serious deception.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first act of Othello signals to the audience the coming themes of love and war, deception and trust and arguably; stereotypes. The issues Shakespeare brings to light, create thought and internal debate, this leads to the pleasure that Aristotle described; and achieves Shakespeare’s primary aim – to entertain.

Judicial Response to Environmental Issues in India

Environmental protection during the last few years has become not only a matter of national concern but of global importance. It is now an established truth beyond all doubts that without a clean environment the very survival of mankind is at stake. Decline in environmental quality has been evidenced by increasing pollution, loss of vegetal over and bio-diversity, excessive concentration of harmful chemicals in the ambient atmosphere and food chains, growing risks of environmental accidents and threat to life support systems. This has drawn the attention of entire world community and therefore they resolved to protect and enhance the environment quality. How could the judiciary remain a silent spectator when the subject has acquired high importance and become a matter of caution and judicial notice. In a developing country like India, with uneducated masses, conditions of abject poverty, where the awareness of socio-economic and ecological problems in lacking, the judiciary has to play an active role to protect the people’s right against the anti-people order by infusing confidence in people as a whole for whom it exists, for as rightly put by Justice Lodha, â€Å"Judiciary exists for the people and not vice-versa. † Judiciary therefore cannot sit in silence and helplessly but must come forward actively to make good the deficiencies of law and provide relief wherever and whenever required. The Judiciary remained as a spectator to environmental exploitation until recently. But now judiciary assumed an effective role of public educator, policy maker, super-administrator, and more generally, amicus environment. In India Environmental law is judicial response to the queries of its citizens against environmental exploitation and administrative sloth and also role played by the public interest litigation. Since 1985 most of the environment cases in India have been brought before the court as writ petitions, normally by individuals acting on pro bono basis. While numerous legislative steps have been taken to give effect to the significant right of man to live in a sound environment and the corresponding duty of the state and individuals to ensure environmental preservation and conservation, our present endeavor is to analyze the steps taken by judiciary to forward this goal. To achieve this end, the judiciary had evolved certain principles to provide effective remedy in case of violation of constitutional and legislative mandate. In the subsequent sub divisions, several concepts which the judiciary has evolved in order to give force to the right of man to a healthy environment would be briefly dealt with. Right to a Wholesome Environment Judicial recognition of environmental jurisprudence, in the backdrop of industrialization, reached its peak with the pronouncement of the Supreme Court that right to wholesome environment is a part of Article 21 of the Constitution. In Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, the court observed that Article 32 of the Constitution has been designed to enforce the fundamental rights of the citizen. The said articles provides for extraordinary procedure to enforce the right of a person. The right to life under Article 21 includes the right to enjoyment of pollution free water and air for full enjoyment of life. Judicial concern regarding right to wholesome environment has been reflected in subsequent pronouncements. It has issued appropriate directions where the government machinery has failed to perform its statutory duty, and thereby undermined the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. In Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action and Other v. Union of India and Others, the chemical industries surrounding Bichhri Village in Udaipur (Rajasthan) contaminated the water, soil and air through the discharge of highly toxic effluents, particularly iron-based and gypsum based sludge. The court interfered to give proper remedy to the destitute villagers. It opined that the social interest litigation under Article 32 of the Constitution was a weapon in the hands of the people to enforce their right to wholesome environment, when it was blatantly disregarded by industries. In other words, the court reaffirmed that right to clean environment is an important facet of the right to life. In RLE Kendra Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, the apex court declared that right to life includes ‘the right of the people to live in the healthy environment with minimal disturbance of ecology and without avoidable hazard to them and to their cattle, home and agriculture land and undue affection of air, water and environment’. Also, the Supreme Court, in Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board v. MV Naydu, has put forward the view that matters relating to environment are of equal significance with those of human rights. In its own words: Environmental concerns arising in this court under Article 32 or under Article 136 or under Article 226 in the High Courts are in our view, of equal importance as Human Rights Concerns. In fact, both are to be traced to Article 21 which deals with fundamental right to life and liberty. While environmental aspect concern ‘life’, human right aspect concern liberty. Principles of Common Law In 1980, the Supreme Court held that clean civic life is the right of the inhabitants who reside within the municipal area. In Municipality Ratlam v. Vardichand, the petitioner, a municipal council, filed an appeal against the direction of the magistrate under section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The judicial magistrate, on application by the people of the area passed certain directions against the civic corporate body to bring cleanliness within the municipal area, as it had been polluted by open drains, human excreta, in absence of proper sanitation, and discharges from alcohol factories. The High Court affirmed the directions issued. Thereafter, the civil corporation filed a Special Leave Petition before the Supreme Court on the ground that the magistrate had no powers to pass order against the municipality. The Supreme Court took a very serious note of the miserable condition of the municipal area which posed health hazards for the people. Additionally the discharges from the alcohol plant overflowed the open drains making the condition more miserable. The Supreme Court issued certain directions, in addition to the magisterial directions, and fixed the time limit within which those were to be implemented. The significant contribution of this judgment, from the point of view of environmental criminal law was that, if any officer of the corporation failed to discharge his duties, then he could be punished under section 188 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Subsequently, in Ram Baj Shing v. Babulal, the Allahabad High Court tried to read atmospheric pollution within the broad spectrum of private nuisance, and issued permanent injunction against the polluting brick-grinding factory. The court enumerated that the dust emitting from a grinding machine factory created public hazards and injured the health of individual members of the society. ‘Any act would amount to private nuisance which caused injury, discomfort or annoyance to a person. ’ PIL with Reference to Environment Protection Since the last decade, PIL has played a unique role by which people belonging to different walks of life and especially the down trodden are getting social justice from the Supreme Court as well as the High Courts. The PIL is now recognized as an effective instrument of social change. It is because of this new strategic of pro bono litigation that the poor and the down trodden have been able to seek justice from courts. As a result of this development, a spate of environmental cases has been brought before the courts through public interest litigation. They have been filed either by individuals, voluntary organization or by letter/petitions sent to judges. In the following passages an attempt is being made to examine some of the leading judicial pronouncements on the point. i. Delhi Gas Leak case M. C. Mehta v. Union of India, popularily known as Delhi Gas Leak or Oleum Gas Leak Case, is the historic one in the field of environmental justice. The Supreme Court besides laying down substantial principles of law, embarked upon some important questions of law and policy which need to be answered. The Supreme Court laid down two important principles of law; First, the power of the Supreme Court to grant remedial relief for a proved infringement of a fundamental right (in this case Article 21) includes the power to award compensation, albeit in exceptional cases. Thus, the court not only widened the scope of the Article 21 by including in it protection of environment but also included a liability in tort for those harmed others by pollution. Second, the judgment opened a new frontier in the Indian jurisprudence by introducing a new â€Å"no fault† liability standard (absolute liability) for industries engaged in hazardous activities which has brought about radical changes in the liability and compensation laws in India. The new standard makes hazardous industries absolutely liable for the harm resulting from its activities. It is a standard which on its terms, admits of no defences. The case is significant from other points. The court further expanded the scope of â€Å"epistolary jurisdiction† when it reiterated that â€Å"a public spirited individual or a social action group acting pro bono public would suffice to ignite the jurisdiction of this court† and that hyper technical approach that defeated the ends of justice was inappropriate in PIL cases. ii. The Ganga Pollution Case The Ganga pollution cases are the most important water pollution cases in India to date. The brief facts being, in 1985, M. C. Mehta, an activist advocate and social worker, by way of a public interest litigation, filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution inter alia, for the issue of a writ/order/direction in the nature of mandamus, directing Kanpur Municipality to restrain itself from discharging waste water into the river Ganga, and governmental authorities and the tanneries at Jajmau near Kanp ur to stop polluting the river with sewage and trade effluents till such time that they put up necessary treatment plants for treating these effluents. The court in Mehta case I made order against the tanneries, while in Mehta case II ruled against municipalities and other governmental authorities. In Mehta case I, the court realizing the importance of water of the river Ganga in particular, and concerned over the continuing pollution of it by the industries and municipal wastes, reminded the conviction of environmental protection as enshrined in the directive principle in Article 48-A of the Constitution which provides that state shall endeavour to protect and improve environment and to safeguard the forests and the wildlife of the country. Article 51-A which imposes a fundamental duty on the citizens to protect and improve the natural environment. The court also invoked the Water Act as an indication of the importance of the prevention and control of water pollution. The court emphasized that notwithstanding the comprehensive provisions contained in the Water Act the state boards had not taken effective steps to prevent the discharge of effluents in the river Ganga. The court ruled that the fact, as was asserted on behalf of the some of the tanneries, that the effluents were not directly discharged into the river but first discharged in to the municipal sewers, did not absolve them from being proceeded against under the provisions of the law in force, since ultimately the effluents reach the river Ganga from Municipal Sewers. The ourt also invoked Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as further indication of the importance of prevention and control of water pollution and noted that not much has been done even under the Act by the Central Government to stop the grave public nuisance caused by the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur. Mehta Case II related to the action taken against Kanpur Municipality and other Government entities for their failure to prevent waste water flowing to the river Ganga as was asserted in the original petition by the petitioner. Accordingly the Supreme Court directed Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika to: a. Complete the works to improve sewerage system within the target dates mentioned in the counter affidavits and not to delay the completion of those works beyond those dates. b. Take action against the dairies for either removing the waste accumulated near the dairies or to get them shifted to a place outside the city. c. Take immediate steps to increase the size of the sewers and wherever sewerage line is not yet constructed, to get it constructed. d. To construct sufficient number of latrines and urinals for the use of poor people in order to prevent defecation by them on open land. . The practice of throwing corpse and semi burnt corpses be brought to an end immediately. The Municipality and Police should take step to ensure that dead bodies or half burnt bodies are not thrown into the river Ganga. The remarkable thing about this judgment is that thought, it was a case against Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika but the court directed that this will apply mutatis mutandis to all other Mahapalikas and Municipalities which have jurisdiction over the areas through which the river Ganga flows and accordingly directed to send the copy of judgment to all municipalities. ii. Dehradun Quarrying Case Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, or Dehradun Valley Litigation as it is commonly known, is one of the most complex environmental case handled by the Supreme Court. It is the first momentous decision of the apex court wherein it was required to balance environmental and ecological integrity against industrial demands on forest resources. The main question before the Supreme Court for consideration was whether the mine lessees could be allowed to mine quarrying operations. In its order of 12 March, 1985, the Supreme Court, after considering the recommendations of the Bhargava Committee, ordered immediate closure of most dangerous mines and those falling within Mussoorie city’s board limits. The court finds that due to working of lime stone quarries there is imbalance to ecology or hazard to healthy environment, then in that case the court will order their closure. The court thus impliedly recognized right to a wholesome environment as implicit in Article 21 of the Constitution. iv. Calcutta Taj Hotel Case Sachidanand Pandey v. State of West Bengal, is an important town planning case which in categorical terms reiterates the court’s duty to protect environment. In this case, the Government of West Bengal gave on lease to the Taj Group, four acres of land belonging to the Calcutta Zoological Garden for the construction of a five star hotel. This garden was located in Alipore, the heart of Calcutta. It was this giving away of the land that w as challenged by a PIL petition, filed originally in the Calcutta High Court by two citizens of Calcutta-one the secretary of the Union of Workmen of the Zoological Garden and the other, a life member of the zoo. The Calcutta High Court upheld the lease in favour of the hoteliers. In appeal the Supreme Court held that ecological balance shall be maintained by the court in spite of the fact that such duty imposed on the government is merely a directive principle of state policy under Part IV of the constitution. The court further held: â€Å"Whenever a problem of ecology is brought before the court, the court is bound to bear in mind Article 48-A of the Constitution and Article 51A(g). When the court is called upon to give effect to the Directives Principles and fundamental duty, the court is not to shrug its shoulders and say that priorities are a matter of policy and so it is a matter for the policy-making authority. The least that the court may do is to examine whether appropriate considerations are borne in mind and irrelevancies are excluded. In appropriate cases the court may go further, but how much further must depend on the circumstances of the case. In view of the above approach the court adopting a liberal approach in favour of the development held that the Government has acted perfectly bonafidely in granting the lease and its action was not against the interests of the zoo or migrant birds visiting the zoo. On the contrary as the proposed hotel is a garden hotel there is every chance of the ecology and environment being improved as a result of planting of numerous trees around the premises and removal of the burial ground and dumping ground for rubbish . Conclusion Thus, the Supreme Court of India had taken into account the right to a healthy environment along with the right to sustainable development and balanced them. This concept of right to a healthy environment and sustainable development are the fundamental human rights implicit in the right to life, which has been constructed as such in many countries. The entire judicial construction by the Supreme Court and the High Courts also reveal the humanitarian approach to these environmental laws with the help of public interest litigations. The Indian Supreme Court was the first to develop the concept of right to healthy environment as a part of life under Article 21 of our constitution. This principle is now been adopted and followed in various other countries now. Suggestions In this paper the researcher wants to recommends the following suggestions. 1)The problem can be very well addressed to masses with the help of clinical environmental education, as there will be specialized treatment to sensitize people about environmental problems. Moreover, innovative minds can come out with very real solutions. 2)There should be separation of funds for issues related to environmental protection and international financial institutions should leap forward to take care of nation. 3)Governments of the nation should make provisions for environmental protection officers, those who should have the power to accept grievances against the public authorities who are not responding to legislative policies of environment protection. )The judiciary should go for dialogic activism i. e. through judgments it should enter a dialogue with several agencies of states to implement the agenda of environmental protection. 5)There should be an environmental census i. e. a questionnaire should be made about the general awareness on environmental protection and to distribute it to the people which would be helpful in the collection of data on prevailing conditions.

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Rethinking Information Technology And Its Effects On The...

Research has suggested that humankind is able to store at least 295 exabytes of information, which measured in bits is 295 with 20 zeros after it. (Wu, 2011) Humanity has accumulated increasing amounts of knowledge over the centuries. Access to knowledge varies from being readily accessible to being a closely kept secret. The book Science and Technology in Society addresses the consequences that result from how knowledge is shared and used. The three chapters that I read were: â€Å"Rethinking Information Technology: Caught in the World Wide Web,† â€Å"Owning Technoscience: Understanding the New Intellectual Property Battles,† and â€Å"Democracy and Expertise: Citizenship in a High-Tech Age.† An ethics topic contained in all three chapters was the access and use of information. Restricting access to knowledge and its use is unethical and creates divisive lines in society. A divisive line in our society is found in our educational system, which does not provide equal access of knowledge to everyone. A person’s access to a good education is largely determined by their social circumstances. This situation is self-perpetuating, leading to even more disparity over time. In the third chapter of Science and Technology in Society it says, â€Å"†¦ children from wealthy families are more likely to go to college than students from poor families. And a college degree is likely to create occupational and economic opportunities for these people †¦ Opportunities for upward mobility are systematically lowerShow MoreRelatedCensorship in the Media Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesas entertainment. Is this appropriate for our youth? Should children be exposed to these images so early on? How does censorship in the media affect adolescents? Children are the future of our society and need to have some understanding of real world occurrences. 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Bitcoin Was A Hoax - 880 Words

In December 2013, after a series of governments’ legislation was passed, the price of Bitcoin crashed. While many hoped for a revival, the prices continued to plummet until they reached low of $200. In one short year, the price had fallen to one-sixth of its previous high (â€Å"Complete Bitcoin’s Price Chart†). This fall proved what many thought; Bitcoin was a hoax. One of the greatest downfalls of cryptocurrency is due to its lack of governing power. It is important to note that this creates inherent weaknesses in the currency as well as governmental concerns. Both of which could prove to be detrimental to cryptocurrencies. According to renowned PhDs in Economics, Hendricson, Hogan, and Luther, there are many issues with the regulatory nature†¦show more content†¦An example of the lack of safety can be found in Bitcoin’s recent history. Student of law Misha Tsukerman M.J. relates that â€Å"Mt. Gox, founded in 2009 †¦ became the dominant online marketplace for the purchase and sale of Bitcoins, handling 80 percent of all Bitcoin trading activity in 2013. On February 25, 2014, Mt. Gox failed after hackers stole approximately 850,000 Bitcoins† (1150). In this event, hackers managed to steal approximately 480 million dollars (Takashi Mochizuki and Eleanor Warnock). Mt. Gox’s failure shook the confidence of Bitcoin users. Due to the previously mentioned weaknesses, the stolen Bitcoins could not be retrieved. Furthermore, due to the lack of regulations, Bitcoin can easily be used for illegal means. Technical writer Andy Extance claims that â€Å"because users are allowed to mask their identity with pseudonyms, the currency is perfect for screening criminal activity† (22). German philosopher, Claus Dierksmeier, further expounds, stating, â€Å"On websites specifically designed to escape public scrutiny, cryptocurrencies are being used to buy and sell illegal drugs, weapons, and sex. Unquestionably, the anonymity afforded by some altcoins affords criminals advantages compared to either trading in physical spaces or to using privately or publically owned exchange media within the virtual space of the Internet, opening the door to many forms of fraud and theft†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (6-7). Due to blockchain technology, the only identities ofShow MoreRelatedRed Rooms : A Murder Legend For The Modern Age Essay2371 Words   |  10 Pagesmany versions of the Red Room story, access to the Red Room is purchased with a currency called Bitcoin (Are Deep Web). Bitcoin is a real currency, and while the technical details of the Bitcoin currency are rather complex, it is worth noting that Bitcoin transactions are completely anonymous and untraceable (Nakamoto 5), making it an ideal way to purchase illicit goods on the dark web. That Bitcoin operates in such a fashion also makes it impossible to refund transactions, making it a prime choiceRead MoreThe Dark Web Essay5373 Words   |  22 PagesABSTRACT Interest in the Deep Web peaked in 2013 when the FBI took down the Silk Road marketplace and exposed the Internet’s notorious drugtrafficking underbelly. Ross Ulbricht, aka Dread Pirate Roberts, was charged for narcotics trafficking, computer hacking conspiracy, and money laundering. While news reports were technically referring to the Dark Web—that portion of the Internet that can only be accessed using special browsing software, the most popular of which is TOR —negative stereotypes aboutRead MoreInternet Is A Safe Haven For Criminals Essay2014 Words   |  9 Pagesgovernment filtering, acceptance or censorship, this all sounds great for rebel groups trying to overthrow their corrupt government, for example the Arab Spring. â€Å"the Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across the Middle East in early 2011† [Manfreda], this movement was fueled and spread though social media, researchers analyze d more than three million tweets, gigabytes of YouTube content and thousands of blog posts, studies find that social

Development of the Bill of Rights Free Essays

string(175) " constitutionality of a Connecticut law which banned solicitation of money for religious or charitable reasons unless approved by the secretary of the public welfare council\." When the American colonies rebelled against Great Britain, the rebels gave their reasons in the Declaration of Independence. According to the Declaration, people have unalienable rights to liberty. â€Å"The ideology of the revolutionary generation shaped the later American Bill of Rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of the Bill of Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now This revolutionary ideology combined and wove together both the natural rights of man and the historic rights of Englishmen†. The colonists emphasized natural rights and historic liberties as a result of their view of government. Government was potentially hostile to human liberty and happiness. Power was essentially aggressive. The rebellious colonists dealt with the problem of aggressive political power by several devices: separation of powers, an independent judiciary, the right of people to have a share in their own government by representatives chosen by themselves, and an insistence on the natural and historical rights and liberties of citizens reflected in revolutionary bills of rights of the several states. These concessions to slavery produced some protests. George Mason, delegate from Virginia and a leading advocate of a federal bill of rights, complained that delegates from South Carolina and Georgia were more interested in protecting the right to import slaves than in promoting â€Å"the Liberty and Happiness of the people. † Some framers rationalized the compromise with slavery on the assumption that the institution would soon die out. In truth, however, a compromise was made in the interest of the Union. While the framers compromised with slavery, they took steps to prevent its spread to new states. Particularly after the adoption of the Bill of Rights the Constitution reflected the Jekyll-and-Hyde character of the nation. The nation sought simultaneously to protect liberty and slavery. All in all, the Bill of Rights was adopted because of the fear of abuses of power by the federal government. It simply had no application to the states. The idea that the federal Bill of Rights protects liberty of speech and press, freedom of religion, and other basic rights from violations by the states has become commonplace, even for lawyers. Indeed, many Americans probably accepted this commonplace when careful lawyers knew it was not so. From 1833 to 1868 the Supreme Court held that none of the rights in the Bill of Rights limited the states. From 1868 to 1925 it found very few of these liberties protected from state action. Those the states were free to flout (so far as federal limitations were concerned) seemed to include free speech, press, religion, the right to jury trial, freedom from self-incrimination, from infliction of cruel and unusual punishments, and more. State constitutions, with their own bills of rights, were available to protect the individual, but too often they proved to be paper barriers. Most, but not all, scholars believe that the Supreme Court was right, at least as a matter of history, up to 1868. They believe, that is, that the founding fathers did not intend for the Bill of Rights to limit the states. In contrast to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, in which the powers of Parliament are protected against the encroachments of the monarch, the American Bill of Rights was created to protect the individual against the intrusions of the legislative and executive branches of the government. As James Madison expressed it, â€Å"If we advert to the nature of Republican Government we shall find that censorial power is in the people over the Government, and not in the Government over the people. † Nowhere in the Bill of Rights is this more sharply affirmed than in the words of the First Amendment: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. â€Å" Although nine of the thirteen colonies had established churches, four did not (Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware). By the time the First Amendment was adopted, however, only three states had an established church -Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Of even greater significance is that no two states shared the same religious configuration with respect to its population. Not to be overlooked is that in the decade between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutional Convention, numerous states had made declarations in support of religious freedom prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights. In 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified. Beginning in the 1920s, the U. S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Through a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights. In Near v. Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored. The process of nationalizing the Bill of Rights through the Fourteenth Amendment continued in the area of free exercise of religion. In Hamilton v. Board of Regents (1934), the Court held that freedom of religion was protected by the First Amendment against invasion by the national government and by the states. This decision was confirmed in Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940). This case questioned the constitutionality of a Connecticut law which banned solicitation of money for religious or charitable reasons unless approved by the secretary of the public welfare council. You read "Development of the Bill of Rights" in category "Papers" This particular official had the authority to decide whether a fund-raising cause was truly a religious one. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the statute violated religious freedom and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. From the critical standpoint, the Bill of Rights not only constitutionally protects individual rights of citizens, such as freedom of religion, peaceable assembly, right to keep and bear arms, trial by jury, but it also secures the entire system of American democratic values and implementation of democracy in reality. For instance, freedom of press, declared of in the First Amendment, does not mean only that â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of†¦press. † Considering the fact independent media is one of the pillars of modern democracy, this constitutional guarantee aims to secure democratic principles of the country. Moreover, the freedom of press implies automatically the absence of any censorship limiting the execution of freedom of speech, which is too declared in the First Amendment and similarly is to protect democratic principles. The Bill of Rights has been created not only to protect freedoms and liberties of American citizens on individual levels, but also to secure the position of a person before the government. For example, the Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be forced in any criminal case to be a witness against oneself. At the same time, from my personal viewpoint, the fundamental importance of the Bill of Rights is its long lasting effect and its tremendous influence on American legislative and judicial system. Firstly, the Bill triggered the adoption by the Congress of several important acts protecting civil liberties like Civil Rights Act. Secondly, because the Bill is an integral and vital part of US Constitution, and thus the ultimate legal power, legislative and judicial system have been continuously improving constitutional doctrine on individual rights. For example, one can notice during 1960-70s the constitutional rights of public employees to freedom of speech and association, procedural due process, and equal protection have also been vastly expanded. Historically the Constitution has retained its flexibility because interpretations of its meaning have changed. Choosing between two or more sets of competing values, the Supreme Court has played a major role in maintaining this flexibility. A significant trend has been the extension of civil rights to the previously powerless. For instance, the involvement of the U. S. Supreme Court in civil rights for blacks is long-standing, dating back to issues from the days of slavery. In the Dred Scott case (1857), Chief Justice Taney ruled that no blacks, slave or free, were citizens, and that blacks had no citizenship rights (Hall, 38). In 1883, two decades after the Civil War and the official end of slavery, the Court ruled on five separate suits affecting the rights of blacks, and collectively called the Civil Rights Cases (1883). These cases arose in response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection and public accommodations. In these cases, the public accommodations portions of the 1875 act were challenged. The Court recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment forbade discrimination by states but it made no mention of discriminatory acts committed by individuals. Since the Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination by individuals and private businesses, the Court ruled that the act had overstepped congressional authority and was therefore unconstitutional. By the end of World War II, the Supreme Court had become more supportive of civil rights for blacks. It struck down the all-white primary in Smith v. Allright (1944), arguing that the Democratic party was in essence an agent of the state and was therefore subject to the Fifteenth Amendment. During the late 1940s and the 1950s, the Court followed the trends begun earlier of moving away from the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal† (Hall, 51). This may be seen in the cases of Sipuel v. Oklahoma (1948), Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950). In the Sipuel case, which was similar to the Gaines case, the Court ordered Oklahoma to provide a separate but equal law school for a black woman and stressed the need for equality in facilities. In Sweatt v. Painter, the state of Texas had established a separate black law school but it was inferior to the white law school at the University of Texas in the size of its faculty and the quality of its library and student body. The court ruled that the black law school had to be improved. The Court nearly overturned the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine in the McLaurin case in which Oklahoma had allowed a black student to attend a white graduate school but had segregated him from the rest of the students by designating separate sections of the library, cafeteria and classrooms for him. The Court struck down these segregation provisions, claiming that they interfered with the ability of the black student to exchange ideas with other students, a requisite for a good education. Although these cases fell short of invalidating the â€Å"separate but equal† principle, they made segregation at the graduate school level more difficult to implement. Perhaps the most significant civil rights cases to aid blacks in the fight for equality were the two Brown cases in the 1950s. Brown v. Board of Education I (1954) arose as the result of a suit against Topeka, Kansas where Linda Brown, a black child, was not permitted to attend a segregated white school four blocks from her home. In Brown I, under the leadership of Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court overturned the Plessy decision of â€Å"separate but equal† in the public schools by declaring that the separate but equal doctrine made black children feel inferior. In Brown v. Board of Education II (1955), the Court ruled on how to accomplish desegregation, concluding that local school boards should establish plans for desegregation under the supervision of federal district judges and â€Å"with all deliberate speed†. Despite these court rulings, southern school boards were slow to respond and avoided court orders by closing public schools and placing white children in private schools. Consequently, desegregation was only implemented very slowly. Women are not a minority but they have historically experienced legal discrimination based on their gender. The Supreme Court has played an important role in the expansion of rights for women. Overall the Court has been less important in the expansion of women’s rights than it has been in the extension of rights to blacks and other racial minorities. A major reason for the less important role of the Court is that women’s rights have mostly been broadened through legislation. Many women’s rights cases addressed by the Supreme Court have been concerned with employment. Early court decisions followed a trend of protectionism and upheld restrictions on the nature and conditions of employment for women. In Bradwell v. Illinois (1873), the Supreme Court upheld a state law preventing women from practicing law. Not until the 1970s did U. S. Supreme Court rulings begin to move away from the restrictive, protectionist trend of the past. Reed v. Reed (1971) was the first instance of the Court striking down a state law which discriminated against women. Taylor v. Louisiana (1975) overturned the precedent set in Hoyt v. Florida. Phillips v. Martin-Marietta (1971) ruled that employers could not discriminate against mothers of preschool children, despite fears that they might often miss work to care for their children. In Stanton v. Stanton (1975) the Court struck down a Utah law which required divorced fathers to support sons until they were twenty-one under the assumption that they would need support while being educated, while daughters had to be supported only until they were eighteen under the assumption that they would get married and be supported by their husbands. Beginning in the 1920s, the U. S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Through a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights. In Near v. Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored. In many cases the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights are impacted directly or indirectly through the process of governance in the United States. One of the most peculiar examples of this impact is adoption of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, commonly known as the Patriot Act. This act significantly expands the power of the federal government to investigate, detain, and deport those people who the government suspects are linked to terrorist activity and other crimes. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires the government to prove to a judicial officer that it has probable cause of a crime before it conducts an invasive search to find evidence of that crime or in exact words, this Amendment declares that â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before the enactment of the Patriot Act, if the primary purpose was a criminal investigation, the law enforcement officials had to first prove the higher standard of probable cause. Investigating criminal activity cannot be the primary purpose of surveillance. Now American society witnesses how one of the most fundamental statements of the Bill of Rights, particularly that one protecting individual freedoms from the state, is challenged. The change made by Section 218 of the Patriot Act authorizes unconstitutional activity by impinging on the Fourth Amendment protection that requires probable cause. Section 218 now provides law enforcement officials with a tool to avoid probable cause when conducting criminal investigation surveillance. The adoption of the Patriot Act has been triggered with the war the United States declared against terrorism. Interestingly, the same event, the war on terrorism, challenged another important element of the Bill of Rights, namely the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, which states that â€Å"no person shall †¦ be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law†¦.† Practically, this statement aims to secure individuals from unconstitutional exercise on the behalf of the government. Importantly, this article provides Americans with the right to be tried by unprejudiced courts with application of lawful procedures and laws. However, during the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, the US government intentionally deterred in prisons many prisoners of war (identifying them as terrorists) without court orders, indictments and further court hearings. Here one can notice the constitutional collision, in which the rights of the US government during wartime (including deterring of individuals without due process clause) challenges the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights. Works Cited Barnett, Randy E. ed., 1989. Ninth Amendment. supra note 29, at 18 Bailyn, Bernard. 1967. Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Ely, J. 1980. Democracy and Distrust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hall, Kermit L. 1989. The Magic Mirror. Law in American History, New York: Oxford University Press. Levine, James P. 1992. Juries and Politics, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Madison, James. November 27, 1794. Republicanism. Speech in Congress. Annals of Congress 934. Nelson, William E. 1988. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schwartz, B. 1971. The Bill of Rights. A Documentary History. pp. 222-226. Wiecek, W.   1976. The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. P. 74 How to cite Development of the Bill of Rights, Papers

Dimension Logistics Supply Chain Management â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Dimension Logistics Supply Chain Management? Answer: Introduction: SINGAPORE FOOD DELIGHT MANUFACTURING PTE LIMITED organization is a production / manufacturing organization in the marketing of Singapore. This organization produces the hawker food items for the people of Singapore and the tourist of Singapore. This organization gives the combination conventional nourishments to its clients. Mostly, this organization sets balance into the different components of the nourishment to make the sustenance more heavenly. HACCP has examined the organization as per different norms and offered the HACCP authentication to the organization (Chopra Meindl, 2013). This organization makes the solidified plate of mixed greens, solidified vacuum nourishment, prepared to eat sustenance and so forth this item could be steam or microwave by the clients as indicated by their decision (Christopher, 2016). The bundling of the item is done in such a way, to the point that the items could be crisp and legitimate constantly. The key components of the organization are the best taste of the item and assortment of the items. This organization has embraced different new systems to cook the sustenance to make the nourishment crisp for quite a while and arranged prepared to eat solid sustenance. This organization has upgraded its income on a gigantic level as the sustenance is enjoyed by each client of the organization and they are the faithful and consistent client of the organization. Essentially, this organization sets harmony into the different components of the nourishment to make the sustenance tastier (Cetinkaya, 2011). HACCP has examined the organization as indicated by different gauges and offered the HACCP testament to the organization. Different guarantees have been finished by the organization to its clients in regards to the item quality and the new activity into the sustenance offered by the organization. Further, this organization has gotten some information about their decision with the goal that operations could deliver that merchandise and subsequently their preferred best quality result could be offered to them. Through the examinations, it has been discovered that the organization is performing great regarding benefit and execution in the organization. The interfaces: Interfaces relayed to the logistic department are documented as a progression in which the products, policies, techniques etc are communicated in the company by a department to another for managing the logistics activities of the company. It is supportive for the firm to administer the level of inventory, diminish the cost, improve the sales etc. The SINGAPORE FOOD DELIGHT MANUFACTURING PTE LIMITEDs logistic interface has been investigated in this report. Interface of this company plasters all the aspects of the different departments of a firm. Production: Production division is identified with changing over the simple material into the completed products. The strategic helps the Production division at different stages which begins from discoveries the better raw materials to exchanging the completed merchandise into the business office (Beske and Seuring, 2014). Different advances happen in this procedure, for example, conveying the crude material, warehousing the material, protection of the item, exchanging the completed merchandise and so on are the exercises of the generation division which are straightforwardly identified with the strategic bureau of the organization. Through directing an investigation over the Production arrangement of the organization, it has been broke down that the generation of the organization is of long run. Long run Production delineate that the organization has enough time to roll out the improvements into all the related angles. In this examination, it has been discovered that the cost of the organization could be overseen by the organization as different circumstances is hold by the generation division in which changes should be possible to decrease the sum though if the length of the creation was short than there were no odds for the organization to deal with the elements and lessen the additional cost of the organization. Organization has embraced the systems and hypotheses of EOQ, FOT and Dude to deal with every one of the exercises bitterly. Logistic and production department of SINGAPORE FOOD DELIGHT MANUFACTURING PTE LIMITED relationship: (Assey, 2012) Marketing: Normally, in marketing logistics, 3 activities are there which exists that is planning about the product, delivering the product and making a control on products which has been produced by a firm and transferred into the ending inventory. The main focus of this company is to offer the best quality product to its customers with a guaranteed price. The main concept tof marketing depict that marketing process starts from identifying the demands of the customers to the point when customers offers a good feedback about the services or the product. In SINGAPORE FOOD DELIGHT MANUFACTURING PTE LIMITEDs, basic needs of the customers are identified and according to that, the production of the company is done. The mission and vision of the company also depict about the better marketing management of the company. Marketing interfaces are related to various marketing concept like re-labeling, traditionalist, intersections and unionist. The perspective of relabeling in the concern of marketing depict that the marketing activities have a wider part in the logistics to manage the performance of the company (Toomey, 2012). Eventually, the unionist perspective describes that the marketing and logistic department are interlinked and work accordingly and lastly, the perspective of intersection depict that the marketing activities cut down the logistic activities in an organization. (MIHM, 2010) Accounts and finance: Accounts and finance department of a company is also linked with the logistic department of a company. Both of these accounts communicated about the total expenses and the revenue due to a better logistic activity. Accounts and finance department basically describe about the total profit earned by a company. Being a logistic manager in SINGAPORE FOOD DELIGHT MANUFACTURING PTE LIMITED, the interface of accounts and finance department has been analyzed and it has been found that the logistic department helped the company to reduce the cost a huge level through adopting new technology and the strategy. Further, the company is also focusing to make some changes into it to make the performance of the company better (Lysons and Farrington, 2012). Order Cycle of company: A company is required to manage the time of production and entire activities related to it, in such a manner that the extra cost of the company could be cut down and the time consumption of the company could also be reduced. accounting to this study, the order cycle is the time which is taken from placing an order to the transforming that order into the WIP and finished goods. A company is always required to look over various activities and according to that place an order so that the consumption of cost and time, both could be reduced by the company (Hussey, 2007). Following the the procedure of order cycle is followed by the company to reduce the level of cost as well as the time. Steps of order cycle: Order placement: This is the first step in which company places an order. Getting the order: This is the second step in which company receives the order which has been placed in first step. Identify various level of inventory: This is the third step in which company evaluates the balanced inventory into the warehouse and evaluate the minimum required inventory. Next order placement: This is the last step in which places a new order according to the minimum level of inventory evaluated in the third step. KPI is Key performance indicators. The study of KPI has been done over SINGAPORE FOOD DELIGHT MANUFACTURING PTE LIMITED. Through the evaluation and identification, it has been found that the better order cycle is adopted by the company and the techniques and tools used by the company for managing the extra cost and time is also competitive and offering the better result to the company. The main KPIs are the products, strategies, services etc of the company which make the business of the company different from its competitors and in this company, the food quality, food taste, better management of activities, customer satisfaction etc are the KPIs (Hussey, 2007). In concern of logistic management, the main KPIs of the company are better interfaces among various department, better management of the inventory and various tools and techniques. Recommendation for the order cycle: The above study depict that the company is performing better in the market. But still for becoming the best company, following improvement has been explained to the company which is as follows: Inventory Management: The management of the inventory could be improved by the company through applying the various new evaluation techniques such FOT, FOP etc. Just in Time Approach: Company could use the technique of Just in time to manage the total time required for the production process of the company. This process assist the company to manage the cost as well as the time and through it the customer service of the company could also be enhanced. The JIT theory could help the company to cover all the activities (Ou et al, 2010). Order Processing: Order processing process of a company helps the company to track over the order, control on order and management of the activities. This company is also suggested to adopt a strategy to manage a better order processing system (Mihm, 210). Customer Service: Customers are the king of the market. So it is required for the company to manage the loyalty and satisfaction of the customers so that the revenue of the company could be improved and the market base could also be enhanced. Transportation: Lastly, the company is required to manage the process of transportation in such a manner that the procedure of transportation could be improved (Sweeney, 2013). Inventory Management: Inventory management is a method to identify the level of the stock of the organization so that the level of the company of inventory could be administered in an efficient way to manage and enhance the profit level of the organization and reduce the cost level. The tools and techniques of inventory management depict the organization about the inventory level in the warehouse to meet complete demands of end buyer on time and eventually, the production necessity of the organization must also been identified. Effective management scheme of an organization is a KPI for an organization as it allows the organization to handle and cut the time and cost and improve the goodwill of the company in market (Tomey, 2010). The company, SINGAPORE FOOD DELIGHT MANUFACTURING PTE LIMITED is measuring the stock level with the help of various manners to identify and direct the inventory level. Inventory management is quite proficient and effective of this company as it considers the full care of the interfaces and the logistics management. It becomes quite difficult for a manufacturing company to evaluate the best level of inventory. Still, various strategies, tools, techniques, methods are available for the logistic manager to identify the level of the inventory and through which the inventory could be managed in a better way (Arndt, 2008). According to the study, it has been found that the level of inventory management of the company became so far so good. Recommendations for improvements: The above study depict that the company is performing better in the market. But still for becoming the best company, following improvement has been explained to the company which is as follows: Though the performance of the company is better but EOQ, FOT, FOP etc technique could help the company to manage the level of inventory in an effective and efficient manner. Through the study it has been found that the main point of managing the ibventory is the evaluate the right level of the stock which must be in the warehouse at all the time, according to the operations and activities of the company, the company is required to manage the LIFO system so that the loss of inventory of the company could be reduced and further, the company is required to look over the other players strategies and make a policy according to that so that the assistance could be got. Conclusion: To conclude, SINGAPORE FOOD DELIGHT MANUFACTURING LIMITEDis a food manufacturing company in the Singapore and this company is managing the entire activities in a better way due to the better techniques and tools of logistic management. Through it, it has been found that some changes are required in the company which could assist the company to enhance the performance more. References: Arndt, H., (2008), Supply Chain Management, Germany: Gabler Verlag Assey, J.J.M. (2012). A New Introduction to Supply Chains and Supply Chain Management: Definitions and Theories Perspective, Journal of Business and Economic. 5 (1). pp. 194-207 Beske, P. and Seuring, S. (2014). Putting sustainability into supply chain management, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 19 (3). pp. 324-333. Cetinkaya, B. (2011). Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Practical Ideas for Moving Towards Best Practice. Springer Science Business Media Chopra, S. Meindl, P. (2013). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation (5th ed.). US: Pearson, Global Edition Hussey, D.E., (2007), Strategic Management: From Theory to Implementation, UK: Taylor Francis Lysons, K. and Farrington, B. (2012), Purchasing and supply chain management, Harlow, Essex: Pearson Financial Times Mihm, (2010), Fast Fashion in a Flat World: Global Sourcing Strategies. International Business Economics Research Journal, 9 (6) pp 55-63 Mihm, (2010), Fast Fashion in a Flat World: Global Sourcing Strategies. International Business Economics Research Journal, 9 (6) pp 55-63 Ou, C.S., Liu, F.C., Hung, Y.C., Yen, D.C. (2010). A structural model of supply chain management on firm performance, International Journal of Operations Production Management. 30 (5). pp. 526-545 Sweeney, E (2013). The people dimension in logistics and supply chain management its role and importance, Supply Chain Management: Perspectives. Issues and Cases. McGraw-Hill: Milan, pp. 73-82. Toomey, J., (2012), Inventory Management: Principles, Concepts and Techniques, Germany: Springer Science Business Media