Chinese art ( Zhang Hongth Studio visit and Artist talk)

In visiting Zhang Hongtu’s workmanship studio in Woodside, in the New York precinct of Queens, one is struck by his delicate and enthusiastic knowledge. It is exceptionally baffling for an audience since his English is so intensely complemented, yet what is reasonable of his discourse is well worth noting.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Chinese workmanship (Zhang Hongth: Studio visit and Artist talk) explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In a wide-running conversation, he addressed amusingness, the purifying estimation of damaging the notable picture of a tyrant, China’s jeopardized condition, the threats of political craftsmanship in that nation, and his sentiments as another foreigner. He demonstrated slides of some of his works, which all, here and there, reference China. Zhang Hongtu went to the USA from the People’s Republic of China, in 1982. He had grown up as a pariah. As Silberberg puts it, â€Å"the familyâ€⠄¢s strict and financial foundation progressively turned into a genuine political weight in the formally skeptical state.† [1] His family was focused on the administration speculated Muslim strict minority, and his dad effectively attempted to spread the lessons of his confidence. They were additionally agents in a system that debilitated business enterprise. The way that his family was effectively monetarily made them an objective of startling government oppression[2]. In China, he contemplated workmanship, so when he showed up in the USA, his specialized aptitudes were very much evolved. It appears that he was permitted to leave China with just thirty dollars[3], which might not have been even enough for the taxi from the air terminal. He disclosed to us that he got a new line of work as a development specialist inside two days. He was not forlorn when he went to the US, he stated, regardless of being in a bizarre nation with no money[4]. His site demonstrates that he additi onally read craftsmanship for an additional four years in New York[5]. Each work that we took a gander at related in some way or another to China. It is possible that it demonstrated the round and gently grinning face of Chairman Mao, or a scene that evoked a Chinese scene painting, or monkeys or fish that seemed Asian, however everything alluded some way or another to China. This was evidently very intentional. His artwork, he stated, mirrors his internal identity, and his internal identity is resolved to study China’s strategies. In getting ready for this visit, I was captivated by the way in which he utilized methods that helped me to remember well known Impressionists yet in pictures of new places. I was keen on what provoked him to start mixing components from eastern and western art.Advertising Looking for paper on craftsmanship and plan? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He revealed to us that he sees that no cr aftsmanship is really unadulterated. He brought up that each craftsman and bit of workmanship mirrors a blend of impacts from different societies, motivation from different centerpieces, and that many incorporate an assortment of strategies. Consequently, his blending of eastern subjects is, to him, a characteristic movement. I consider this to be a cutting edge form of what occurred during the 1700s. During that general period, European craftsmanship impacts, for instance, the possibility of exact representation, entered China, as we learned in investigating the individual workmanship determinations of the Emperor Quianglong[6]. Zhang Hongtu carries eastern impacts into the west, similarly. I was additionally captivated with why he was keen on the three explicit specialists whose styles appear so frequently in his ongoing work: Cezanne, Monet, and Van Gogh. He revealed to us that these specialists were his own symbols. I likewise see that these three are in a flash conspicuous in s tyle. This may permit him to obtain and blend style and subjects without stressing that somebody will decipher him as replicating. He himself depicts these fills in as, â€Å"zaizhi, or â€Å"re-creating†Ã¢â‚¬  the Impressionist and Chinese works of art together[7]. They have been named ‘reconciliation’ by Qian[8]. In this manner, his brush procedure, his conscious appropriation of another’s style, is obviously that of Cezanne when he paints a scene from a conventional Chinese pen and ink drawing and titles it with Cezanne’s name in the title[9]. He additionally frequently incorporates, in his Shan Shui arrangement of these east-west half and half scenes, Chinese calligraphy that trains the Chinese-talking watcher to step back and value the artwork from a prudent Impressionist distance[10]. It is hard, as a youthful watcher, not to see this as entertaining. A few of us were explicitly keen on whether he was as a rule purposely comical, and I accep t that he was clear in saying that diversion was not deliberate in his work. Be that as it may, his analysis of the system, approaches, and practices of his introduction to the world nation appears to all have been very purposeful. For instance, he sent a work of art to China for the Olympics, executed in quickly unmistakable Cubist style and colors[11]. The picture and the content installed in it evoked the issues in Tibet. The artistic creation, entitled Bird’s Nest, was sent back, as opposed to being crushed by the Chinese specialists, yet he without a doubt came to his meaningful conclusion. He didn't get the exposure for the image that he had sought after, however[12]Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Chinese craftsmanship (Zhang Hongth: Studio visit and Artist talk) explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More At his studio, he gave us a few things that are likewise plainly intended to make political analysis. We saw a portion of his works that highlighted Mao’s picture. He referenced that he encountered what I accept he called ‘catharsis’ when he did such a work. For instance, utilizing Mao’s picture ( he alluded to it as ‘cutting it up’) to embellish a Quaker Oats box gave him a unique inclination. He referenced that back in the Bush organization, he had explored different avenues regarding cutting separated pictures of President Bush. He revealed to us that there was no relating reaction in his mind of ‘catharsis’, the path there was the point at which he depicted Mao. In this arrangement, he has depicted the socialist chief as a young lady, or as Stalin, complete with particular mustache. This last picture was an express correlation between the killings in Russia and the passings in China, as per what he let us know. At the point when we laughed at a portion of the varieties he made on Mao’s picture, he revealed to us this was quite serious in China. In China , even now, he stated, such craftsmanship would be totally and perilously unacceptable[13]. He indicated us a work of art of silver fish among vertical plants. These animals all have their mouths open, like they are panting for oxygen. He disclosed to us that when he painted this, he thought of it as a cheerful work of art at the time[14]. Be that as it may, it is difficult to dodge the surmising that maybe it additionally mirrors the airless climate for craftsmanship and contradiction in China. The craftsman indicated us a progression of canvases that are comparable organizations highlighting monkeys and unmistakably Chinese mountain shapes, with city structures appeared in the background[15]. These, he let us know, speak to the fast development of human populace, and the approaching annihilation of the earth. He imparted to us that he felt that craftsmen had a commitment to discuss such problems[16]. As an exceptional treat, he imparted to us a vivified video of one of his works i n progress. This was an otherworldly thing to watch, since it uncovers where he goes with his brush, first, second, and from that point on. It isn't the legitimate procedure of a machine, however the deft and instinctive authority of a specialist. He finished our visit on that beautiful and outwardly capturing note[17]. Zhang Hongtu was generous, and exceedingly unobtrusive, in sharing his thoughts and aims about his specialty. There is a sure inspiration of eastern way of thinking even in his introduction of himself. This helps me to remember his announcement, noted over, that his specialty uncovers his inward mind.Advertising Searching for exposition on craftsmanship and structure? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More If so, his inward brain is overcome with the persecution of the Chinese government, and profoundly humble about his own blessings. Seeing such a large amount of his specialty together, and being drenched in it, joined with his extra and apt remarks, was just about a reflective encounter, and one that I will long recall. His craft isn't simply wonderful. Indeed, even his pop-workmanship impacted pieces that inspire (for me at any rate) Warhol, for example, his Chairman Mao arrangement, are beautiful and alluring just as interesting . His takes a shot at the earth are upsetting yet engaging regardless of whether one doesn't get a handle on the polemical message. His Shan Shui arrangement works are regularly significantly and stunningly lovely. Seeing his work in his very nearness was a genuine benefit. Book index D’Arcy, David. â€Å"Artist’s Pointed Critique is Barred from Bejing.† Wall Street Journal. 2008. Hongtu, Zhang. â€Å"Presentation to understudies of Ch inese craftsmanship history.† 2011. â€. Zhang Hongtu Homepage. 2011. Web. Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"The Emperor’s Private Paradise.† Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2011. Web. Qian, Zhijian. â€Å"Over the Boundaries: Recent Works by Zhang Hongtu.† Zhang Hongtu Homepage. 2011. Web. Silbergeld, Jerome. â€Å"Zhang Hongtu: The Art of Straddling Boundaries.† Studio Door China. 2011. Web. References Silbergeld, Jerome. â€Å"Zhang Hongtu: The Art of Straddling Boundaries.† (Silbergeld 2011). Zhang, Hongtu. â€Å"Presentation to Students of Chinese Art History†. 2011. Sovereigns, NY. This was one of the occasions when it was hard to get him, however the general thought is precisely caught. (Hongtu, Presentation to understudies of Chinese workmanship history 2011). Hongtu, Zhang. â€Å"Zhang Hongtu Homepage†. Metropolitan Museum of Art. â€Å"The Emperor’s Private Pa

Causes of the Mexican-American War

Reasons for the Mexican-American War The starting points of the Mexican-American War can generally be followed back to Texas winning its freedom from Mexico in 1836. Following his annihilation at the Battle of San Jacinto (4/21/1836), Mexican General Antonio Lã ³pez de Santa Anna was caught and compelled to perceive the power of the Republic of Texas in return for his opportunity. The Mexican government, be that as it may, would not respect Santa Anna’s understanding, expressing that he was not approved to make such an arrangement and, that it despite everything thought about Texas as a territory in resistance. Any considerations the Mexican government had of recuperating the domain rapidly were wiped out when the new Republic of Texas got discretionary acknowledgment from the United States, Great Britain, and France. Statehood During the following nine years, numerous Texans straightforwardly preferred addition by the United States, in any case, Washington dismissed the issue. Numerous in the North were worried about adding another â€Å"slave† state to the Union, while others were worried about inciting a contention with Mexico. In 1844, Democrat James K. Polk was chosen for the administration on a star addition stage. Acting rapidly, his forerunner, John Tyler, started statehood procedures in Congress before Polk got down to business. Texas authoritatively joined the Union on December 29, 1845. Because of this activity, Mexico compromised war yet was convinced against it by the British and French. Pressures Rise As addition was bantered in Washington in 1845, debate heightened over the area of the southern outskirt of Texas. The Republic of Texas expressed that outskirt was arranged at the Rio Grande as set out by the Treaties of Velasco which had finished the Texas Revolution. Mexico contended that the waterway specified in the records was the Nueces which was found roughly 150 miles further north. At the point when Polk freely upheld the Texan position, the Mexicans started amassing men and sent soldiers over the Rio Grande into the contested territory.â Responding, Polk guided Brigadier General Zachary Taylor to take a power south to uphold the Rio Grande as the fringe. In mid-1845, he set up a base for his Army of Occupation at Corpus Christi close to the mouth of the Nueces. With an end goal to lessen pressures, Polk dispatched John Slidell as pastor diplomat to Mexico in November 1845 with requests to open talks in regards to the United States buying land from the Mexicans. In particular, Slidell was to present to $30 million in return for finding the outskirt at the Rio Grande just as the regions of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico and Alta California. Slidell was additionally approved to excuse the $3 million in harms owed to US residents from the Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821). This offer was denied by the Mexican government which because of inward precariousness and open weight was reluctant to arrange. The circumstance was additionally excited when a gathering drove by noted traveler Captain John C. Frã ©mont showed up in northern California and started upsetting American pioneers in the district against the Mexican government.â  â   Thornton Affair War In March 1846, Taylor got orders from Polk to move south into the contested domain and build up a situation along the Rio Grande. This was incited by new Mexican President Mariano Paredes announcing in his debut address that he expected to maintain Mexican regional trustworthiness to the extent the Sabine River, including the entirety of Texas. Arriving at the stream inverse Matamoros on March 28, Taylor coordinated Captain Joseph K. Mansfield to assemble an earthen star post, named Fort Texas, on the north bank. On April 24, General Mariano Arista showed up in Matamoros with around 5,000 men.â â The next night, while driving 70 US Dragoons to explore a hacienda in the contested domain between the streams, Captain Seth Thornton unearthed a power of 2,000 Mexican troopers. A wild firefight resulted and 16 of Thornton’s men were executed before the rest of compelled to give up. On May 11, 1846, Polk, refering to the Thornton Affair requested that Congress proclaim war on Mexico. Following two days of discussion, Congress decided in favor of war-not realizing that the contention had just raised.

Extracurricular activity Essay

My first year of secondary school was alarming. Two opponent middles schools meeting up to make one first year recruit class didn't appear the best thought, the classes were more earnestly, and the feelings of anxiety were higher. In eighth grade I was so eager to be in secondary school, yet once I arrived I was unable to trust that that year will be finished. At that point I understood I despite everything had three all the more long school a very long time in front of me. Don’t misunderstand me, I had a ton of fun occasions first year. I met such a significant number of new individuals and made a great deal of new companions. Most of my companions at that point are as yet my companions now. In any case, I was prepared to grow up. I think each young person thinks like this at one point or during each time of secondary school. Most young people are prepared to move from home and start another and increasingly free life in school during most long periods of secondary school. I realize that I thought thusly for at some point. I felt that life in school would be a million times more exciting than life in secondary school. Sophomore and junior year were likewise like first year. Companionships got more grounded, classes were proceeding to get increasingly troublesome, and despite the fact that I included myself more in extracurricular exercises, I was prepared to escape town and start school like never before. I had chosen my fantasy school and as of now had such a significant number of plans for my first year of school. Be that as it may, rather than time accelerating like I wished it would, it sensed that it was easing back down. Summer going into senior year I started getting exhausted with the town and I sensed that I was continually saying â€Å"there is nothing to do here.† I thought I required more experience and was getting worn out on simply making a halfhearted effort. In spite of the fact that I felt like that at that point, half a month into senior year my attitude had totally changed. Despite the fact that senior year has been the hardest year yet, my class has made a culture. There is such a significant number of things that characterize us as a class and set us apart from every other person. From customs began at football match-ups, to the things that we do as a gathering, we have made our own way of life and personality. I have understood that despite the fact that I have needed the previous three years to fly by, all I need is during the current year to back off. My companions and I have all made amazingly close bonds and we have become practically like a family. I feel like all through the previous three years I have underestimated a great deal of things and have not so much valued all the recollections I have had that originated from great encounters. I have learned not to underestimate any uncommon minutes since I could think back on nowadays and recollect the entirety of the great occasions and the amount I making the most of my senior year. Now and again I lament needing to grow up so quick since I know now that these are the absolute best occasions of my life and I wish I would have valued them previously. Despite the fact that I do lament that, I’m appreciative I get the chance to go through this year with each and every probably the dearest companion. I despite everything make some long memories to gain experiences, yet as the expression goes, â€Å"time flies when you’re having fun.†

Absolute Dating Methods - Free Essay Example

Absolute dating methods are used to determine the age of materials. We need to understand how fossils are made so we can date them properly. There are five ways bones are fossilized. They are by permineralization, unaltered preservation, carbonization, authigenic preservation, and recrystalization (Shepherd). When a fossil is found you need to make sure that it can be preserved properly so it can stay in the same shape to enable research. Many steps are taken to prepare fossils and conserve them. Hardeners are used to protect against deterioration, adhesives are used to put all the pieces together, and there is a lot of mechanical preparation to clean the fossil. After the fossil is well cleaned you can examine it accurately (Paleontological Resources For Fossil Collectors). You also always have to be careful when you are handling fossils because they are often very fragile and can be damaged very easily. When you determine the age of materials by their radioactive content it is c alled radiometric dating. Radiometric age-dating is based on the fact that every radioactive element decays. The original or â€Å"parent† element emits radiation and particles until the loss thereof transforms it into a stable â€Å"daughter† element. A series of transformations into other radio-active elements marks its unparalleled pattern and rate of decay until it reaches stability (Think Quest). † â€Å"The decay of radioactive elements occurs at different rates, depending on the specific isotope. These rates are stated in terms of half-lives. One half-life is the amount of time required for ? of the original atoms in a sample to decay (ONeil). † Radiometric methods provide one of the most important ways to date fossils. The main types of radiometric dating are Potassium-argon, carbon-14 or radiocarbon, thermoluminescence, and electron-spin-resonance. Potassium-argon dating is used for dating volcanic rocks associated with fossil material. It can date better for older specimens but when used for younger specimens it can give a wrong date. You have to be careful and use the right method for the selected specimen. Carbon-14 dating is â€Å"based on an unstable isotope of carbon that living animals and plants incorporate into their cells. † This method is used for dating younger fossils under the age of 40,000 years old. If it is used for older fossils the date will be inaccurate. Thermoluminescence dating measures high energy nuclear particles traveling through rock. This method covers the area that potassium-argon and carbon-14 miss. Electron-spin-resonance dating is used to date an inorganic component of tooth enamel by the trapped electrons (Boyd and Silk). Both thermoluminescence dating and electron-spin-resonance dating fill the area potassium-argon dating and carbon-14 dating miss. Some religious fundamentalists see all the fossils and dating methods as inaccurate. They have different views as to how they go t there and their ages. Not everyone believes that evolution occurred and some believe that scientists are making it all up.

Legal Action Against Unauthorised Importers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1152 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Legal Action Against Unauthorized Importers Case Summary China phone manufacturer Xiaomi canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t sell its MediaTek made phones in India since an ongoing patents case from Ericsson in the Delhi High Court. But other unauthorized dealers still import the Xiaomi Redmi Note 3G which runs on a MediaTek processor without Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s permission. Ericssonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lawyers told the Delhi High Court that Xiaomi was selling non-Qualcomm handsets via the website www.xiaomishop.com. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Legal Action Against Unauthorised Importers" essay for you Create order Xiaomi had clarified that they only has the only website which is www.mi.com. Legal Issue in the Case From the case, the issue which appeared is infringement of patents which cause by those unauthorized dealer. Head of India operation of Xiaomi, Manu Jain said that authorized sellers in India are only Flipkart and Airtel. All other retail shops or portals such as www.xiaomishop.com which are selling Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products are doing it without their permission. Some of these portals or retail shops are using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ name that infringing on Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s trademarks. This is an infringement of trademarks in the issue. Recently Xiaomi is requesting those retail shops and portals to stop selling their devices and close down the unauthorized website and retail shops, or else Xiaomi will be forced to take legal action such as sued them to protect Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest. Originally, Xiaomi smartphone werecompletely ban ned in India due to the infringement of patents. However, Xiaomi had successfully convinced that Delhi court that itsQualcomm-powered devices such as Redmi 1S in India. At the same time, Ericsson maintains and insists that Xiaomi must pay a license-fee regardless of the chipset. AlthoughXiaomishop.comis no longer functional, Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s headquarter plans to take with legal action against those other four or five websites also breaching the law which is using the name of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ without their permission. Ericsson denounces and sued Xiaomi that they continued selling their (MediaTek-powered) handsets even after January 8, which is clear law violation in this case. After that, the China-based OEM also said that they stopped selling all their MediaTek-powered devices in India after January 8 through Flipkart which is the only authorized dealer of Xiaomi in Asian countries. There are some Xiaomi-branded devices which are currently available i n India such as Mi4 and Redmi Note 4G with the Snapdragon-powered models, while the Redmi 1S is prohibited since it is powered by MediaTekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s chip. In a bid to diminish IP accusations and further comply with Indianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s laws, Xiaomi is considering to setup an assembly line in India that produce their product in Indian and sell them. Foxconn from China and Inventec from Taiwan are listed as potential partners, but negotiate and talks are still ongoing. Since Xiaomi wants to expand their business into new markets, it is possible to breaches and meets further legal obstacles of some countries and patent disputes of some competitors. Recently, Hugo Barra, vice president of the International Division of Xiaomi generally acknowledged that IP litigation is an inevitable part of doing business at San Francisco. In order to better defend and protect itself from other infringement of patents, Xiaomi had already amassed about 2,800 patents of its own products i n 2014. In a public statement which Ericsson said that they inquires the Dehli court to appoint a local commissioner or assistant director to examine and censor all Xiaomi smartphones that imported to India and the Dehli court was agreed. Xiaomi announced the temporary order was only valid until March 18. When the court will hold another hearing for the controversy, which it is involves Flipkart and Airtel which are Xiaomis authorized dealer in India. Xiaomi also planned to resort the legal action to protect its own interest from xiaomishop.com. In December, Ericsson said that they tried to talk to Xiaomi about royalties for the past three years but Xiaomi did not give any respond. Outcome Based on the issue above, several concerns will arise mainly for Xiaomi, Ericsson and those aunthorized dealer and unauthorized dealer. Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Concerns Xiaomi had ran into a roadblock last year where its product which consist MediaTekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s processor areban from importing and selling in India due to a patent dispute from Ericsson. Xiaomi lost its 1.5 percent of shares since they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t sell their MediaTekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s devices in India. At last Xiaomi managed to get the permission to resume its business but only for those device that run on a Qualcommà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s processors but not MediaTekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s processor. Obviously the reason and root that cause of this patent dispute lies on those devices that run on MediaTekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s processor which allegedly infringed Ericssonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s patents on their AMR, 3G, and EDGE technologies. Xiaomi had try their best and putting lots of efforts in defend themselves and spent a lots of money. Finally Xiaomi has successfully managed to get the exemption for selected devices and models which run on Qualcommà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s proc essors that have the licensing agreements with Ericsson. This make Xiaomi has to reintroduce theirRedmi 1Sthat consist Dual-SIM 3G and run with a Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 processor. Since the 3GRedmi Noteis prohibited, Xiaomi will try to introduce their latest Redmi Note 4G with single SIM that run on a Qualcomm instead of MediaTekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s processor which been banned in India. The issue happened in India doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t affect the business of Xiaomi, it has continue to expand their business all around the world. Ericssonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Concerns Although Ericsson is not a market leader within smartphone manufacturing anymore, but the company is become a strong dominant force in wireless technology. Ericsson holds around 32,000 patents and 450 of them are in India. Ericsson had sued many companies such as Samsung and Xiaomi to protect its own interest. Ericsson had successfully protects its interest against Xiaomi. They sued Xiaomi for infringement of patent last year and they won the case. The Delhi court which handles the case had come out with a solution. The agreement between Ericsson and Xiaomi has clearly stated that Xiaomi has to pay royalties to Ericsson due to the infringement of patents. Unauthorized Dealerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Concern Xiaomi had warning those unauthorized retail shops and portals to closed down their businesses. Those unauthorized retail shops and portal are selling the Mediatekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s devices in India and cause the infringement of patents. Xiaomi has the right to sue them if they still conducting their business without any acknowledgement from Xiaomi. The portal à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" xiaomishopà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ has closed down because Xiaomi had forced them to do so. There are still 4 to 5 retail shops and portals that still conducting their business and selling Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products. Authorized Dealerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Concerns The authorized dealers of Xiaomi in India are Flipkart and Airtel are also affected by the infringement of patents. They also were selling the MediaTekà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s devices before the Ericsson has sued Xiaomi. Their businesses are drop since the 3G Redmi Note are banned. Recently they are selling back Xiaomià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s devices that run on a Qualcommà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s processor.

Gender Inequality Around The World - 1437 Words

Gender Inequality Around the World In his book Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, Nicholas D. Kristof said, â€Å"In the nineteenth century, the central moral challenge was slavery. In the twentieth century, it was the battle against totalitarianism. We believe that in this century the paramount moral challenge will be the struggle for gender equality around the world†. Although women have made great strides in gaining equality, females around the world are not treated as equals to their male counterparts. Their education is taken for granted, their sports are not taken seriously, and their beauty is held to an almost unattainable standard. The inequality that women and girls face does not end here, but they are some of the most overlooked points on the subject. Although most places where girls are deprived of an education boys are too, more girls will not continue their education or will not receive an education at all than boys. There are over one million Ethiopian girls are out of school, along with an estimated three million Pakistani girls and five and a half million Nigerian girls (â€Å"Finding Facts† 1). In only three countries, there are an estimated 10 million girls out school, that is almost the population of Chicago, Illinois. Thousands of young Afghan girls are deprived of reaching a full education. The families of these young girls do not allow them to continue in their education for several reasons; concerns about security,Show MoreRelatedGender Inequalities Around The World993 Words   |  4 PagesAfter doing research on gender inequalities around the world, I realized how bad a lot of countries are to women. Looking at the countries that have gender inequalities, I can see why they are not moving towards sustainabili ty. In this essay, I will be providing detailed examples of how different countries treat their women and wives. 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According to LISTVERSE, the top ten â€Å"extreme† examples of gender inequality towards women that exists around the world today, specifically in the MiddleRead MoreGender Inequality And Gender Equality1667 Words   |  7 PagesGender inequality is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is affected by gender. Gender inequality is an issue not just nationally but globally. This issue is portrayed by the mistreating of individuals, mainly women, and not valuing everyone as one. This presentation will illustrate the exploration of gender equality, propose a solution and why that solution will produce a better future for a better world. Gender inequality is a very important issue common in our world today thatRead MoreGender Inequalities And Gender Inequality922 Words   |  4 PagesGender Inequalities in Education Judge Sonia Sotomayor states, â€Å"Until we get equality in education, we won t have an equal society. That quote resonates throughout the world because of gender inequality in education. Researchers believe gender inequality still exists in the 21st century. Through research, controversial opinions exist about inequality in schools and what has been done to address this situation. What is gender equality? Gender inequality refers to disproportionate dealing or assessmentsRead MoreGender Inequality, Functionalism and Symbolic Interactionism868 Words   |  4 PagesGender inequality refers to the inequality between men and women, or the unequal treatment or perception of a person based on his or her gender. Gender inequality is almost always prominent towards a female rather than towards a male. Women are seen as inferior to men in every country in the world. This form of society is called patriarchal and is one of this biggest issues in American society today. Patriarchy means that the country has a primarily male dominated society. Does anyone realizeRead MoreGender Inequality : A Feminist Perspective770 Words   |  4 Pagestopics of gender inequality become more and more popular in the society because a lot of reports show that many women are killed by bias on all over the world every year and women are hard to find a job in some places nowadays. Under this background, the â€Å"team† of feminist becomes stronger and stronger. In‘’ ‘I’ve been pondering whether you can be a part-feminist’: Young Australian Women’s Studies student discuss gender†, Kate Hughes presents the changing of students who has different gender perceptionsRead MoreGender Inequality And The Corporate World : How Do You Feel About Women Holding Higher Positions Within Corporations?1516 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality in the Corporate World How do you feel about women holding higher positions within corporations? In today’s society, there are several inequalities between women and men. These inequalities between women and men have been around since the beginning of time and will always be a factor. Gender inequality can be seen in many different ways across our society today. One major area that this inequality can be seen is in the workforce. There are many women who have jobs in today’sRead MoreGender Inequality Within The World1088 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States attend classes where gender equality exists. Students have classes in which both boys and girls are treated equally and are friends with one another and that is all that they have ever known. However, this is not always the case in every country. As of 2015, 53% of the children who are not attending school throughout the world are female (11 Facts About...). Gender inequality is an important issue that needs to be focused on and fixed throughout the world, especially within the education

Measurement of Optimization Performance †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Measurement of Optimization Performance. Answer: Introduction: ITIL stand for Information Technology Infrastructure Library is well known framework for proper management of IT services. For many ongoing businesses round the globe it is considered as an important tool for service management and improvement as a practice and ideas. The core of ITIL has mainly five phases that are service strategy, designing of service, service transition, service operation and continual improvement of services(Ahmad et al., 2013). Various organization round the globe can get a number of benefits through the implementation of ITIL. The ultimate goal behind the implementation is to provide structure and flexible guideline across different IT services. There are some other benefits that can be achieved from it are higher satisfaction of user, improvisation of resource allocation, aims in providing and managing various services, Improvises the ability to manage various services. ITIL also aims in improvising control and transparency, more understanding and improvisati on of the ability to manage and analyzing changes (Marrone., 2014). Out of the above mentioned uses the top five benefits of ITIL implementation are ITIL is proven and used worldwide, Improved customer satisfaction, Better reliability and customer service, Advantage through value creation and use of agile change method. ITIL is proven and used globly: Use of ITIL in an organization aims in providing confidence for various action taken in an organization. Various firms round the globe can adapt ITIL as per the need of their business. Better customer relationship: ITIL is designed in such a way they can easily focus on the needs of the consumer and focuses on the experience of user rather than on technology (Suhairi and Gaol, 2013). Increase in the number or quantity of customer can lead to better and dependable relationship. Improvisation of reliability: Adaptation of standard can aim in providing easily deliver services to service level and efficiently. Various support teams can restore faster and reliable services. Optimization of delivery across supply chain:Benefits that can be achieved from the implementation of ITIL are reduction of cost of by 30 %, increased fixed call by 20%, increases value from various service portfolio which ultimately reduces cost and also minimizes risk associated with it. Advantage through value creation and Agile: ITIL aims in reducing the cycle time of project by 30% to 50%, increases the rate of success of change, it minimizes risk form unknown factors. One of the major opportunities in the improvement of quality and life style related to increase the usability of IT health care organization is to invest less on IT than in any other informative industries. 1the present system is comparatively primitive as compared with the industries like banking and aviation. There is a chance of quicker accessibility to the wider exhibit of data that also includes all the clinical results and outcomes, also provides clinical choice help, provides both outpatient and inpatient information that vary with the perspective of each other and also encouraging the estimation. Several number of organizations as demonstrates the quality could be improved substantially in various ways if the IT field use has been increased in the way that facilitates care (Bardhanand Thouin2013). Computerization of procedures that are mistake inclined and electronic choice help may considerably enhance both effectiveness and quality, and drastically encourage quality estimat ion. This report examines its present levels and quality in human services, how quality change and administration are right now done, the confirmation that more IT may be useful, a dream without bounds, and the boundaries to arriving. Most of the IT infrastructure in healthcare faces the issues of payment rather than any clinical requirements. Therefore it has been surveyed and observed that the billing system gets more priority than the clinical systems (Devaraj, Owand Kohli2013). While relying on the studies the shifting in correct figure, social insurance may contribute no less than the half of the gross income data innovation than other data concentrated ventures like keeping the money. Along with management of an account by worldwide principles for according to the Trade of information. Subsequently, it is easier to reach an ATM in Tokyo or Moscow and thus pull back cash with a card with a genuine restorative issue would be a somewhat extraordinary conditioned. Some of the other companies have utilized much greater information technologies as their competitive edge. Information technology thus results in the betterment if clinical quality has played a basic different role in other industries other than health care organization for several different reasons. Excellent IT services and high quality health care organization are closely linked. Most of the social insurance associations specified above are perceived as quality pioneers because of greater results clinically, that have accomplished to a limited extent in their data frameworks. Quality improvement now a data has gone at the level but is generally has very poor coordination (Gullifordand Morgan 2013). Organization practicing, hospitality and insurance programs all are intended to improve the quality but most of the system program gets overlapped and hence are marginally intact as compared to the others. Recent changes in the Information technologies has made as rapid adaptation of the IT in the healthcare organizations. The cost of computer processing preparation keeps on declining. While another more significant change is the Internet, which basically speaks to an economical, comprehensively disseminated stage that is pervasively accessible, even to little or geologically remote destinations. Thus, making it conceivable to circulate data and information at lower expenses will influence the conveyance of programming and information for quality change, estimation, and researches. Thus lastly the devices that are used will be increasing the allowance of this extension of the desktops system and would be used for many routine tasks like administering medications and capturing the vital signs of the disease. Finally the tasks regarding use of IT to improve the quality there are much left to learn especially regarding implementation and dissemination of the IT systems. Most of the small hospital and communication are based over the providers implementation and the patients needs. Thus role of internet and other technologies are quite important to the Health Care industries. References Ahmad, N., Tarek Amer, N., Qutaifan, F. and Alhilali, A., 2013. Technology adoption model and a road map to successful implementation of ITIL.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,26(5), pp.553-576. Bardhan, I.R. and Thouin, M.F., 2013. Health information technology and its impact on the quality and cost of healthcare delivery. Decision Support Systems, 55(2), pp.438-449. Devaraj, S., Ow, T.T. and Kohli, R., 2013. Examining the impact of information technology and patient flow on healthcare performance: A Theory of Swift and Even Flow (TSEF) perspective. Journal of Operations Management, 31(4), pp.181-192. Gulliford, M. and Morgan, M. eds., 2013. Access to health care. Routledge. Marrone, M., Gacenga, F., Cater-Steel, A. and Kolbe, L., 2014. IT service management: A cross-national study of ITIL adoption.Communications of the association for information systems,34. Suhairi, K. and Gaol, F.L., 2013. The Measurement of Optimization Performance of Managed Service Division with ITIL Framework using Statistical Process Control.JNW,8(3), pp.518-529.

Trace of Arsenic Essays - Natural Environment, Food And Drink, Water

Trace of Arsenic Rice is a dietary staple, especially those of certain cultures. A variety of baby foods and formulas contain arsenic, which can be harm young children because of their underdeveloped brains and bodies. High-end organic formulas and baby foods contain high levels of arsenic. Developed humans are also affected. Levels of arsenic in rice have been linked to the genetic damage in humans and can increase the risk of cancer. Arsenic mixes into organic or inorganic compounds by seeping into water supplies, traveling through the wind, or spreading through industrial use. Evidence of Harm There have been multiple health outbreaks in areas including Bangladesh and Antofagasta. These outbreaks have been led to arsenic contaminated wells which people use for drinking water. Those exposed to the drinking water in Antofagasta had higher rates of bladder and lung cancer. Arsenic caused many deaths among Antofagastans age 30 and older. Arsenic is one of the most toxic substances and has caused health effects. The Rice Connection Andrew Meharg was studying the environmental effects of arsenic in Bangladesh when a student noted that rice was being irrigated with vast quantities of arsenic-contaminated water. Rice is a dietary staple. It is used for rice flour, malt, bran, pasta, noodles, breakfast cereals, cereal bars, crackers, rice cakes and more. Rice plants took up inorganic arsenic from water and soil with dismaying efficiency: at 10 times the rate of other grains. Health Food Surprise In 2008, Meharg reported that arsenic in baby rice cereal sold in the U.K. exceeded safety levels set for drinking water by both the U.S. and the European Union. The Dartmouth researchers realized that all kinds of baby formulas and foods contained rice; many were thickened with rice starch. Although the teams initial tests found barely a trace of arsenic in baby formula and pureed baby food, later tests showed that two organic toddler formulas contained up to 60 ppb of arsenic (adjusted for dilution) six times the EPA safety limit for water. Labels on the formula canisters told why: They were sweetened with organic brown rice syrup, considered a healthy alternative to corn syrup. And while brown rice syrup is rare in baby foods, it is common in crackers, cereals, snack bars, energy bars and many products marketed as health foods. The Risks of Imported Food Almost 15 percent of foods consumed in the U.S. come from outside the country. penetration from overseas is so vast and complex that a single product might contain ingredients from multiple countries, a fact you would never discern from labeling on the food itself. Its risky. Every food factory in the U.S. is supposed to undergo rigorous inspection. Once imported foods reach our shores, they enter the distribution chain with little fanfare and scrutiny; some argue they are barely vetted at all. Instead, by and large, problems come to light when Americans get sick. Part of the problem is the lack of resources we ourselves direct to food from abroad: The FDA has a minuscule team of some 1,500 inspectors devoted to food imports, a workforce too small to screen more than a tiny fraction of the food that arrives at U.S. ports each year for microbial pathogens or other disease-causing contaminants Underwater Robots Patrol the Red Tide of Harmful Algal Blooms Concentrations of algae in our oceans and lakes have long bloomed naturally, but climate change and fertilizer runoff from farms have exacerbated the situation in recent years. The outcome: algal blooms so massive that ecosystems turn into dead zones, resource-poor realms inhospitable to other life. The most dangerous of the blooms, called harmful algal blooms, or HABs, are often reddish in color, leading observers to call them red tides. The dangers are as ominous as the name. Some of the algae, or phytoplankton, manufacture saxitoxin, a poison so devastating it is the underlying cause of paralytic shellfish poisoning, an often-lethal reaction to shellfish that are storing toxic algal cells. This January, two people in Malaysia died after eating cockles tainted with the stuff. Other phytoplankton produce domoic acid, a neurotoxin that kills people, birds and marine mammals snacking on contaminated fish and shellfish. . The fight against red tides may be taking place one algal and shellfish species at a time. Elsewhere in

Cause and Effect essays

Cause and Effect essays There have been many conflicts throughout history that have caused many people to remember what it is like to take freedom for granted. The ascension of the world wars have taught a great deal to the people of the world just how precious life is. Although we have not learned from our mistakes throughout history, the rise of World War II can be categorized into three post emptive effects. This can be categorized by Germany losing its land, army, and valuable resources, the effects of genocide running rampant throughout Jewish community, and the rules of war are carefully mended. Many changes occurred after the Allies tightened their grip on Germany. Germany soon realized after the war that their second attempt to take over the world had failed miserably. After war sanctions reduced Germany to four divided territories. The United States, Great Britain, Russia and France were to take control over Germany taking the four cardinal directions to ensure the destruction of Germany. The over throw of Hitler came down on the German race especially hard by creating animosity toward all the Allie powers. Germany was to stop all military actions, especially the production of military equipment. This became a big part of Germanys economic downfall. Their economy was based primarily on the production of war materials. This led to a great depression lasting for almost 20 years during Germanys recovery to worldwide acceptance. Despite all Germanys attempts to rebuild what the lost twice, it was never gained back to its original strength. Many horrible actions took place in Europe during the early 1940s. Many of which occurred because of only racial and religious backgrounds. Although the mastermind behind all this genocide was not what he claimed to be the master race, over two million Jewish people lost there lives in vain. Thankfully I have had the privilege to speak to some of the victims of this h ...

Ethical Principles in the Corporate World Essay

Ethical Principles in the Corporate World - Essay Example The matter at hand presents the dilemma in which the employee is placed by two important factors that determines destiny. It is important to note that the company management is reluctant to solve the issue of employee exposure to the harmful asbestos and instead avoids the cost of carrying out cleanup. The management silently threaten the employee with job loss in case of raising alarm on the health risk posed by asbestos in the vault while the employee is attempting to balance losing the job and retaining it but awaiting the consequences of long term exposure to the asbestos in the work place. What is wrong and why? What do you see as the conflict? The issue of central concern in this case is the healthy risk that asbestos in the vault poses to the employee. The company management has put in place restrictive measures that prevent the employee from airing their views or seeking government intervention over the evident health hazard they face from asbestos in the vault. The employee is juggling with two competing decisions with equally enormous consequences. If the employee report the matter to the healthcare agencies there are chances of losing job and silent on the other hand means ultimate health risk from the long term exposure to the toxic asbestos in the work place. ... In this case the consequence of seeking external intervention over the management unethical treatment of employees is losing a job. This comes with several socio-economic repercussions on the life of the employee. On the other hand, silence means continued exposure to the harmful asbestos which will end up with respiratory infections at retirement or upon leaving the company. In the context of this case, the employee will make decision based on the ultimate consequences attached to each move. Deontologist: decision is tied to duty and obligation From the approach of deontologist, the universal obligation and responsibility of every person to ensure safety and general welfare of humanity is upheld. It is important to underline the duty of every employee in serving the company with utmost faith and considering that the welfare of the employees takes center stage as far as productivity of the corporation is concerned. This mode of making a decision considers the cardinal significance of physical health in employee’s ability to discharge duties and derive better socio-economic life which is the fundamental role of corporates. In this respect, the employee should act for the interest of fellow workers without fearing for the short term consequences like loss of job. Virtue ethics: decision is based on â€Å"who am I?† (Consult article: â€Å"The Discipline of Building Character†) Personal identity is an important consideration when making such a critical decision. There are a number of factors to put to play and the most important one is the long term benefits from any decision made. Loss of job like in this case may mean seeking another one in a better

REPRODUCTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REPRODUCTION - Essay Example When a non-life threatening reason is involved, the termination may be equated to murder of the innocent. The mother may believe in serving the greater good by considering the available facts and opt for termination as a right decision at that moment. Even though the decision to terminate may be right, it does not always lead to a good result. However, one’s autonomy may surpass ethical obligations and terminate the pregnancy regardless. Autonomy recognizes an individual’s rights to make his/her own decision regardless of the available options. In addition, morality is considered to be relative to the norms of an individual’s culture (American Nurses Association 3). The right to life is a fundamental human right as it is the crucial step towards enjoying the other rights and benefits. This basic right is recognized internationally accruing from birth, but petitions that seek to protect life before birth have been on the rise. Establishment of legal frameworks that protect life before birth would recognizes that life begins after conception thus; constitutional protection conferred equally to both the pregnant woman and the unborn. The mere fact that the fetus is dependent on its mother for its existence, only illustrates the need to offer protection to the viable fetus and its mother. This entitles the fetus to the right to be protected from all sorts of dangers. To ensure the provision of this security, the mother should be accorded the necessary environment. A fetus is described as an unborn offspring in the postembryonic period from the beginning of the ninth week after conception until birth. This stage marks the beginning of the development of key structural features gearing towards a humane appearance. During this period, the gender of the unborn can be effectively determined. It can thus be said that a fetus is a human being full of life and its developmental stages. The fetus should be considered to bear moral

Life development Essay Example for Free

Life development Essay The aim of this research is to explore a married couples real life experiences and the possible influences that affect their life development. A qualitative thematic analysis was carried out on pre-existing material of three semi-structured interviews and a video. Two main themes were identified : Various Influences and Changeable. This analysis showed support for some research done regarding Eriksons development stages, Pecks contribution on later life, developmental contextualism and Bronfenbrenners theory. The findings suggest that life development is multi-facet. A reflexive analysis reviews some limitation on this analysis and recommendations are also made. INTRODUCTION Lifespan development is the one among different psychological perspectives. Psychologists are of different views on human development. Some of them split human development into different stages, some of them focus on the peoples later development, some are optimistic but some not, and some opined that our development are deterministic but also some do not think so. Erik Erikson has developed a theory named as Psychosocial in which he stated that there would be eight development stages from birth to later adulthood within our life. (Cooper Roth, 2002). The theory emphasised that our development is a product of the interaction between the society and individual; and our parents seems to play a key role in our early life. Erikson argued that everyone must develop throughout these eight stages. While treating later life as a relative stable period, Erikson neglect the room of change during the middle and old stages, to cope with this difficulty, Peck further subdivided these two stages into sub-stages. For middle age, Peck consider that we should acknowledge our loss of physical strength while also appreciate our gaining of wisdom, the main task within these stage is to redefine ones personality and personal relationship. Besides, individual should shift their emotional attachment to both the vertical and horizontal relationship, i. e. the death of parents and friendship (Cooper Roth, 2002). For old age, in order to cater the crisis of retirement, Peck argued that individual need to seek other meaningful activities, thus accepted by themselves that they are continually contribute to and valued by the society. Other approach on lifespan development is named as developmental contextualism. It emphasised that development of an individual cannot be seen as an isolated manner, rather, there are internal (e. g. physical fitness) and external (e. g. cultural and social) factors that influences ones development. These factors are referred as a level of explanation by psychologists, they comprise different variables, for instances, interpersonal influence, cultural influence, historical influence and etc. These variables would interact and change each other at the same or a different level of explanation which is known as dynamic interactionism. (Cooper Roth, 2002) In contrast to developmental contextualism, Bronfenbrenner is of different view. He argued that individuals are capable to determine their own development rather than simply constrained by internal and external influences. In his ecological theory of development, he suggested that individuals are actively interact with his or her environment during their development. According to the theory, it divided individual physical environment into four parts, i. e. micosystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem as well. The microsystem refers to ones immediate environment, includes social, symbolic and physical characteristics, e. g. personality, healths, values and expectations. The mesosystem describes two or more microsystems inhabited by the same person, e. g. family, work and marriage. Links that take place between two or more settings involving the individual is known as the exosystem, i. e. our community. The macrosystem illustrates the patterns of the aforesaid systems that characterize any given culture or society structures. (Cooper Roth, 2002) In view of the above approaches, it seems that human development are encompassed by different stages, with internal and external influences; and individuals are with ability to actively change it during the process of development. The purpose of this qualitative research is to see how a couple, Tony and Jo experienced their life and what influence to their development indeed. METHOD Three semi-structured interviews were conducted of a (an aging) couple, Tony and Jo. There is no information on the exact ages of the stakeholders, including the interviewees and the three interviewers. For teaching purposes, the process of the interviews were videotaped with the interviewees consent. The interviews touch topics of identity, separation and attachment and lifespan development. The first interview was conducted by a female researcher Jane who knew that couple for several years. A male researcher has conducted the second interview who knew none about that couple. The last interviewer was a female who asked them about their experiences on the first two interviews. The research was adopted analysing pre-existing materials. It assumed that the Open University of United Kingdom (OUUK) adhered strictly to the British psychological code of ethics such as obtaining informed written consent, addressing issues around confidentiality, protection of participants identities, permission to withdraw at any time and sufficient debriefing. (Miell, Phoenix Thomas, 2002). I am a Chinese male, a part-time psychology student (36 years of age) of the Open University of Hong Kong, and carried out a qualitative thematic analysis on transcripts and video provided by the OUUK. (see Appendix for the full annotated transcripts and an extracted video of the three interviews is also attached) The lifespan development research topic and question were selected and supplied by the OUUK (DSE 212, Method Booklet 5, pages 60 and 61). Familiarization of material was done by reading Chapter 1 in Book 2 (Cooper Roth, 2002). The next stage of the analysis involved my reading the transcripts several times noting significant points related to my chosen research topic. I then identified recurrent themes from the transcripts. Two main themes were identified and the data was condensed under these themes. This was achieved by photocopying the transcripts and highlighting each bit of the dialogue relating to the themes in different colour pens. Only the first two interviews were used in this research.

Act One Of Othello Essay -- essays research papers

What Is Shakespeare’s Achievement In Act I Of Othello? Shakespeare’s own personal aim was not to write a social and political reflection of his era, as many contemporary readers believe, it was; purely and simply, to entertain his audience. This does not mean that there can be no social and political reflections within Othello, it means that the reflections are there, not for the sake of social and political commentary, but for the sake of entertainment and pleasure. Aristotle explained in â€Å"Poetics† that the audience’s pleasure consists not merely in observing the play, but criticizing, evaluating and making comparisons. These activities produce pleasure, thus it is not a mindless pleasure. There must be intellectual and emotional engagement on the spectator’s part. According to Aristotle, to stimulate the intellectual engagement of the audience and thus create this pleasure in the spectator, a masterful piece of art or literature must contain a degree of ambiguity in its ideas. This is the reason for the social commentaries that Shakespeare includes in his work: The play commences with two characters apparently arguing over money. Shakespeare immediately sets the mood of conflict for the remainder of the play, it is important because the reader at the outset is given a choice; who to believe and who is right. Shakespeare instantly sets about creating the mood of ambiguity which will result in the reader contemplating and analyzing the situation in hand. This will, according to Aristotle, create pleasure for the audience. As with all Shakespeare’s plays, Othello is written (for the very vast majority) in a form of verse and with a definite rhythm. This helps the general flow of the text, and when the rhythm is broken, we are alerted to a significant event or to a particular trait in a character. When Iago tries to insult and animalize the â€Å"Barbary horse† Othello, to Brabantio (line 108), verse reverts to prose and we are alerted to the evils behind Iago’s deeds. Shakespeare, so far, is strictly adhering to Aristotle’s guidelines and certainly understands â€Å"the essential qualities of art itself†. In â€Å"Poetics† it is explained that â€Å"language into which enter rhythm, harmony and song† will create â€Å"each kind of artistic ornament† necessary to â€Å"imitate an action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude† (Aristotle’s description of tragedy). In the... ...r and battle against the Turks, and heeds Othello to prepare to depart for Cyprus. Brabantio, before his depature, turns to Othello and warns him against trusting Desdemona, for she has â€Å"deceived her father† and may thee†. The subconscious seeds of mistrust have been planted in Othello’s mind by Brabantio, this is dramatic irony and warns the audience that the future of the marriage will not be as smooth as the naà ¯ve lovers expect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the act finishes with the almost satanic Iago warning of his deception to come, he shows us that the â€Å"Barbarian and a super-subtle Venetian† will not live calmly. If the audience is in any doubt as to Iago’s feelings for the Moor, he explains â€Å"I hate the Moor†. He goes on to outhline the plan of â€Å"double knavery† that he shall use to split the lovers in an act of serious deception.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first act of Othello signals to the audience the coming themes of love and war, deception and trust and arguably; stereotypes. The issues Shakespeare brings to light, create thought and internal debate, this leads to the pleasure that Aristotle described; and achieves Shakespeare’s primary aim – to entertain.

Judicial Response to Environmental Issues in India

Environmental protection during the last few years has become not only a matter of national concern but of global importance. It is now an established truth beyond all doubts that without a clean environment the very survival of mankind is at stake. Decline in environmental quality has been evidenced by increasing pollution, loss of vegetal over and bio-diversity, excessive concentration of harmful chemicals in the ambient atmosphere and food chains, growing risks of environmental accidents and threat to life support systems. This has drawn the attention of entire world community and therefore they resolved to protect and enhance the environment quality. How could the judiciary remain a silent spectator when the subject has acquired high importance and become a matter of caution and judicial notice. In a developing country like India, with uneducated masses, conditions of abject poverty, where the awareness of socio-economic and ecological problems in lacking, the judiciary has to play an active role to protect the people’s right against the anti-people order by infusing confidence in people as a whole for whom it exists, for as rightly put by Justice Lodha, â€Å"Judiciary exists for the people and not vice-versa. † Judiciary therefore cannot sit in silence and helplessly but must come forward actively to make good the deficiencies of law and provide relief wherever and whenever required. The Judiciary remained as a spectator to environmental exploitation until recently. But now judiciary assumed an effective role of public educator, policy maker, super-administrator, and more generally, amicus environment. In India Environmental law is judicial response to the queries of its citizens against environmental exploitation and administrative sloth and also role played by the public interest litigation. Since 1985 most of the environment cases in India have been brought before the court as writ petitions, normally by individuals acting on pro bono basis. While numerous legislative steps have been taken to give effect to the significant right of man to live in a sound environment and the corresponding duty of the state and individuals to ensure environmental preservation and conservation, our present endeavor is to analyze the steps taken by judiciary to forward this goal. To achieve this end, the judiciary had evolved certain principles to provide effective remedy in case of violation of constitutional and legislative mandate. In the subsequent sub divisions, several concepts which the judiciary has evolved in order to give force to the right of man to a healthy environment would be briefly dealt with. Right to a Wholesome Environment Judicial recognition of environmental jurisprudence, in the backdrop of industrialization, reached its peak with the pronouncement of the Supreme Court that right to wholesome environment is a part of Article 21 of the Constitution. In Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar, the court observed that Article 32 of the Constitution has been designed to enforce the fundamental rights of the citizen. The said articles provides for extraordinary procedure to enforce the right of a person. The right to life under Article 21 includes the right to enjoyment of pollution free water and air for full enjoyment of life. Judicial concern regarding right to wholesome environment has been reflected in subsequent pronouncements. It has issued appropriate directions where the government machinery has failed to perform its statutory duty, and thereby undermined the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution. In Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action and Other v. Union of India and Others, the chemical industries surrounding Bichhri Village in Udaipur (Rajasthan) contaminated the water, soil and air through the discharge of highly toxic effluents, particularly iron-based and gypsum based sludge. The court interfered to give proper remedy to the destitute villagers. It opined that the social interest litigation under Article 32 of the Constitution was a weapon in the hands of the people to enforce their right to wholesome environment, when it was blatantly disregarded by industries. In other words, the court reaffirmed that right to clean environment is an important facet of the right to life. In RLE Kendra Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, the apex court declared that right to life includes ‘the right of the people to live in the healthy environment with minimal disturbance of ecology and without avoidable hazard to them and to their cattle, home and agriculture land and undue affection of air, water and environment’. Also, the Supreme Court, in Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board v. MV Naydu, has put forward the view that matters relating to environment are of equal significance with those of human rights. In its own words: Environmental concerns arising in this court under Article 32 or under Article 136 or under Article 226 in the High Courts are in our view, of equal importance as Human Rights Concerns. In fact, both are to be traced to Article 21 which deals with fundamental right to life and liberty. While environmental aspect concern ‘life’, human right aspect concern liberty. Principles of Common Law In 1980, the Supreme Court held that clean civic life is the right of the inhabitants who reside within the municipal area. In Municipality Ratlam v. Vardichand, the petitioner, a municipal council, filed an appeal against the direction of the magistrate under section 133 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The judicial magistrate, on application by the people of the area passed certain directions against the civic corporate body to bring cleanliness within the municipal area, as it had been polluted by open drains, human excreta, in absence of proper sanitation, and discharges from alcohol factories. The High Court affirmed the directions issued. Thereafter, the civil corporation filed a Special Leave Petition before the Supreme Court on the ground that the magistrate had no powers to pass order against the municipality. The Supreme Court took a very serious note of the miserable condition of the municipal area which posed health hazards for the people. Additionally the discharges from the alcohol plant overflowed the open drains making the condition more miserable. The Supreme Court issued certain directions, in addition to the magisterial directions, and fixed the time limit within which those were to be implemented. The significant contribution of this judgment, from the point of view of environmental criminal law was that, if any officer of the corporation failed to discharge his duties, then he could be punished under section 188 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. Subsequently, in Ram Baj Shing v. Babulal, the Allahabad High Court tried to read atmospheric pollution within the broad spectrum of private nuisance, and issued permanent injunction against the polluting brick-grinding factory. The court enumerated that the dust emitting from a grinding machine factory created public hazards and injured the health of individual members of the society. ‘Any act would amount to private nuisance which caused injury, discomfort or annoyance to a person. ’ PIL with Reference to Environment Protection Since the last decade, PIL has played a unique role by which people belonging to different walks of life and especially the down trodden are getting social justice from the Supreme Court as well as the High Courts. The PIL is now recognized as an effective instrument of social change. It is because of this new strategic of pro bono litigation that the poor and the down trodden have been able to seek justice from courts. As a result of this development, a spate of environmental cases has been brought before the courts through public interest litigation. They have been filed either by individuals, voluntary organization or by letter/petitions sent to judges. In the following passages an attempt is being made to examine some of the leading judicial pronouncements on the point. i. Delhi Gas Leak case M. C. Mehta v. Union of India, popularily known as Delhi Gas Leak or Oleum Gas Leak Case, is the historic one in the field of environmental justice. The Supreme Court besides laying down substantial principles of law, embarked upon some important questions of law and policy which need to be answered. The Supreme Court laid down two important principles of law; First, the power of the Supreme Court to grant remedial relief for a proved infringement of a fundamental right (in this case Article 21) includes the power to award compensation, albeit in exceptional cases. Thus, the court not only widened the scope of the Article 21 by including in it protection of environment but also included a liability in tort for those harmed others by pollution. Second, the judgment opened a new frontier in the Indian jurisprudence by introducing a new â€Å"no fault† liability standard (absolute liability) for industries engaged in hazardous activities which has brought about radical changes in the liability and compensation laws in India. The new standard makes hazardous industries absolutely liable for the harm resulting from its activities. It is a standard which on its terms, admits of no defences. The case is significant from other points. The court further expanded the scope of â€Å"epistolary jurisdiction† when it reiterated that â€Å"a public spirited individual or a social action group acting pro bono public would suffice to ignite the jurisdiction of this court† and that hyper technical approach that defeated the ends of justice was inappropriate in PIL cases. ii. The Ganga Pollution Case The Ganga pollution cases are the most important water pollution cases in India to date. The brief facts being, in 1985, M. C. Mehta, an activist advocate and social worker, by way of a public interest litigation, filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution inter alia, for the issue of a writ/order/direction in the nature of mandamus, directing Kanpur Municipality to restrain itself from discharging waste water into the river Ganga, and governmental authorities and the tanneries at Jajmau near Kanp ur to stop polluting the river with sewage and trade effluents till such time that they put up necessary treatment plants for treating these effluents. The court in Mehta case I made order against the tanneries, while in Mehta case II ruled against municipalities and other governmental authorities. In Mehta case I, the court realizing the importance of water of the river Ganga in particular, and concerned over the continuing pollution of it by the industries and municipal wastes, reminded the conviction of environmental protection as enshrined in the directive principle in Article 48-A of the Constitution which provides that state shall endeavour to protect and improve environment and to safeguard the forests and the wildlife of the country. Article 51-A which imposes a fundamental duty on the citizens to protect and improve the natural environment. The court also invoked the Water Act as an indication of the importance of the prevention and control of water pollution. The court emphasized that notwithstanding the comprehensive provisions contained in the Water Act the state boards had not taken effective steps to prevent the discharge of effluents in the river Ganga. The court ruled that the fact, as was asserted on behalf of the some of the tanneries, that the effluents were not directly discharged into the river but first discharged in to the municipal sewers, did not absolve them from being proceeded against under the provisions of the law in force, since ultimately the effluents reach the river Ganga from Municipal Sewers. The ourt also invoked Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 as further indication of the importance of prevention and control of water pollution and noted that not much has been done even under the Act by the Central Government to stop the grave public nuisance caused by the tanneries at Jajmau, Kanpur. Mehta Case II related to the action taken against Kanpur Municipality and other Government entities for their failure to prevent waste water flowing to the river Ganga as was asserted in the original petition by the petitioner. Accordingly the Supreme Court directed Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika to: a. Complete the works to improve sewerage system within the target dates mentioned in the counter affidavits and not to delay the completion of those works beyond those dates. b. Take action against the dairies for either removing the waste accumulated near the dairies or to get them shifted to a place outside the city. c. Take immediate steps to increase the size of the sewers and wherever sewerage line is not yet constructed, to get it constructed. d. To construct sufficient number of latrines and urinals for the use of poor people in order to prevent defecation by them on open land. . The practice of throwing corpse and semi burnt corpses be brought to an end immediately. The Municipality and Police should take step to ensure that dead bodies or half burnt bodies are not thrown into the river Ganga. The remarkable thing about this judgment is that thought, it was a case against Kanpur Nagar Mahapalika but the court directed that this will apply mutatis mutandis to all other Mahapalikas and Municipalities which have jurisdiction over the areas through which the river Ganga flows and accordingly directed to send the copy of judgment to all municipalities. ii. Dehradun Quarrying Case Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh, or Dehradun Valley Litigation as it is commonly known, is one of the most complex environmental case handled by the Supreme Court. It is the first momentous decision of the apex court wherein it was required to balance environmental and ecological integrity against industrial demands on forest resources. The main question before the Supreme Court for consideration was whether the mine lessees could be allowed to mine quarrying operations. In its order of 12 March, 1985, the Supreme Court, after considering the recommendations of the Bhargava Committee, ordered immediate closure of most dangerous mines and those falling within Mussoorie city’s board limits. The court finds that due to working of lime stone quarries there is imbalance to ecology or hazard to healthy environment, then in that case the court will order their closure. The court thus impliedly recognized right to a wholesome environment as implicit in Article 21 of the Constitution. iv. Calcutta Taj Hotel Case Sachidanand Pandey v. State of West Bengal, is an important town planning case which in categorical terms reiterates the court’s duty to protect environment. In this case, the Government of West Bengal gave on lease to the Taj Group, four acres of land belonging to the Calcutta Zoological Garden for the construction of a five star hotel. This garden was located in Alipore, the heart of Calcutta. It was this giving away of the land that w as challenged by a PIL petition, filed originally in the Calcutta High Court by two citizens of Calcutta-one the secretary of the Union of Workmen of the Zoological Garden and the other, a life member of the zoo. The Calcutta High Court upheld the lease in favour of the hoteliers. In appeal the Supreme Court held that ecological balance shall be maintained by the court in spite of the fact that such duty imposed on the government is merely a directive principle of state policy under Part IV of the constitution. The court further held: â€Å"Whenever a problem of ecology is brought before the court, the court is bound to bear in mind Article 48-A of the Constitution and Article 51A(g). When the court is called upon to give effect to the Directives Principles and fundamental duty, the court is not to shrug its shoulders and say that priorities are a matter of policy and so it is a matter for the policy-making authority. The least that the court may do is to examine whether appropriate considerations are borne in mind and irrelevancies are excluded. In appropriate cases the court may go further, but how much further must depend on the circumstances of the case. In view of the above approach the court adopting a liberal approach in favour of the development held that the Government has acted perfectly bonafidely in granting the lease and its action was not against the interests of the zoo or migrant birds visiting the zoo. On the contrary as the proposed hotel is a garden hotel there is every chance of the ecology and environment being improved as a result of planting of numerous trees around the premises and removal of the burial ground and dumping ground for rubbish . Conclusion Thus, the Supreme Court of India had taken into account the right to a healthy environment along with the right to sustainable development and balanced them. This concept of right to a healthy environment and sustainable development are the fundamental human rights implicit in the right to life, which has been constructed as such in many countries. The entire judicial construction by the Supreme Court and the High Courts also reveal the humanitarian approach to these environmental laws with the help of public interest litigations. The Indian Supreme Court was the first to develop the concept of right to healthy environment as a part of life under Article 21 of our constitution. This principle is now been adopted and followed in various other countries now. Suggestions In this paper the researcher wants to recommends the following suggestions. 1)The problem can be very well addressed to masses with the help of clinical environmental education, as there will be specialized treatment to sensitize people about environmental problems. Moreover, innovative minds can come out with very real solutions. 2)There should be separation of funds for issues related to environmental protection and international financial institutions should leap forward to take care of nation. 3)Governments of the nation should make provisions for environmental protection officers, those who should have the power to accept grievances against the public authorities who are not responding to legislative policies of environment protection. )The judiciary should go for dialogic activism i. e. through judgments it should enter a dialogue with several agencies of states to implement the agenda of environmental protection. 5)There should be an environmental census i. e. a questionnaire should be made about the general awareness on environmental protection and to distribute it to the people which would be helpful in the collection of data on prevailing conditions.

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